1.2.7 Mechanics of breathing

• During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
• Exhalation involves a reduction in thoracic volume and an increase in lung pressure.


  True
• In forced breathing, the lung volume change is larger
• Breathing mechanics involve the process of inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
• During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.


  True
• The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• What are the two processes involved in breathing mechanics?

  Inhalation and exhalation
• During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity.


  True
• Steps involving the diaphragm during exhalation

  1️⃣ Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

  2️⃣ Thoracic volume decreases

  3️⃣ Lung volume decreases

  4️⃣ Air is forced out of the lungs
• What happens to the ribcage during inhalation due to intercostal muscle contraction?

  Expands outward
• Match the breathing type with its intercostal muscle contraction:

  Quiet Breathing ↔️ Moderate

  Forced Breathing ↔️ More forceful
• During exhalation, lung volume decreases due to the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

  True
• During inhalation, the intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribcage to expand outward
• Match the type of breathing with its characteristics:

  Quiet Breathing ↔️ Moderate lung volume change

  Forced Breathing ↔️ Faster air flow rate
• During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
• Steps involved in inhalation

  1️⃣ Diaphragm contracts and moves downward

  2️⃣ Intercostal muscles contract

  3️⃣ Ribcage expands outward

  4️⃣ Lung volume increases

  5️⃣ Air is drawn into the lungs
• What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

  Dome-shaped
• The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and play a key role in breathing mechanics.


  True
• In forced breathing, the intercostal muscles contract more forcefully
• What happens to lung volume during inhalation?

  Increases
• Match the phase of breathing with its lung volume change:

  Inhalation ↔️ Increases

  Exhalation ↔️ Decreases
• What are the two primary processes involved in breathing mechanics?

  Inhalation and exhalation
• What does the contraction of intercostal muscles lead to during inhalation?

  Ribcage expansion
• What happens to the diaphragm during forced breathing?

  Contracts more forcefully
• Steps involving the diaphragm during inhalation

  1️⃣ Diaphragm contracts and moves downward

  2️⃣ Thoracic volume increases

  3️⃣ Lung pressure decreases

  4️⃣ Air is drawn into the lungs
• What type of diaphragm movement occurs during forced breathing?

  Forceful contraction and significant downward movement
• During exhalation, the diaphragm moves upward to reduce thoracic cavity volume.

  True
• The thoracic volume change is larger in forced breathing compared to quiet breathing due to more forceful diaphragm contraction
• In forced breathing, the intercostal muscles contract more forcefully
• What happens to lung volume during inhalation?

  Increases
• During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
• What drives the movement of gases during gas exchange?

  Air pressure gradients
• Match the chemoreceptor location with its stimulus:

  Central ↔️ Changes in blood CO2 and pH

  Peripheral ↔️ Changes in blood O2, CO2, and pH
• The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers for fine-tuning respiratory control.

  True
• During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, reducing thoracic volume.


  True
• What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

  Moves downward
• Match the breathing type with its diaphragm movement characteristics:

  Quiet breathing ↔️ Moderate contraction and downward movement

  Forced breathing ↔️ Forceful contraction and significant downward movement
• Where are the intercostal muscles located?

  Between the ribs
• Order the characteristics of intercostal muscle contraction during quiet and forced breathing:

  1️⃣ Quiet Breathing: Moderate intercostal muscle contraction

  2️⃣ Quiet Breathing: Moderate ribcage expansion

  3️⃣ Quiet Breathing: Moderate thoracic volume change

  4️⃣ Quiet Breathing: Slower air flow rate

  5️⃣ Forced Breathing: More forceful intercostal muscle contraction

  6️⃣ Forced Breathing: Larger ribcage expansion

  7️⃣ Forced Breathing: Faster air flow rate
• During exhalation, lung volume decreases as air is forced out.


  True