3.1.1 Pathogens and Disease

• Viruses are non-cellular entities that replicate by invading host cells.

  True
• Match the pathogen type with its mode of infection:

  Bacteria ↔️ Releasing toxins

  Viruses ↔️ Invading host cells

  Fungi ↔️ Spores

  Protists ↔️ Ingesting tissue
• Viruses replicate by invading host cells
• Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can release toxins
• Viruses are non-cellular entities that replicate by invading host cells
• Viruses are non-cellular entities that invade host cells to replicate.


  True
• Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can ingest tissue
• Airborne transmission occurs when infected droplets are released by coughing, sneezing, or talking
• Bacteria infect the body by releasing toxins
• What do protozoa ingest to infect the body?

  Host tissue
• What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria cause damage in the body?

  Releasing toxins
• Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of malaria, ingests red blood cells and produces toxins
• Match the pathogen type with its example:

  Bacteria ↔️ Streptococcus pneumoniae

  Viruses ↔️ Influenza virus

  Fungi ↔️ Athlete's foot fungus

  Protists ↔️ Plasmodium falciparum
• Pathogens can be classified into four main types: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.


  True
• What is an example of a waterborne disease?

  Cholera
• Order the examples of pathogen actions from most common to least common:

  1️⃣ Release toxins

  2️⃣ Directly damage cells

  3️⃣ Produce spores

  4️⃣ Ingest host tissue
• What happens when influenza virus invades respiratory cells?

  Cell lysis
• What do bacteria release that disrupts cell function?

  Toxins
• Genetic factors can predispose individuals to infectious diseases.


  True
• Maintaining good hygiene and sanitation prevents pathogen transmission.


  True
• Match the method of disease control with its description:

  Hygiene and Sanitation ↔️ Maintaining cleanliness to prevent pathogen transmission

  Vaccination ↔️ Stimulating the immune system to prevent infection

  Antimicrobial Resistance ↔️ Responsible use of antimicrobials to prevent resistance
• Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies
• Vaccination is an example of a method to stimulate the immune system
• Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can release toxins
• Match the pathogen type with its characteristics:

  Bacteria ↔️ Releases toxins or damages cells

  Viruses ↔️ Invades host cells to replicate

  Fungi ↔️ Releases spores

  Protozoa ↔️ Ingests tissue or produces toxins
• Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can release toxins
• Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can ingest tissue or produce toxins.


  True
• What type of infection does the athlete's foot fungus cause?

  Fungal
• Direct contact is a mode of transmission involving physical contact with an infected person
• Protists infect the body by ingesting tissue or producing toxins
• Arrange the pathogen types based on their mode of infection and key actions:

  1️⃣ Bacteria: Release toxins or damage cells

  2️⃣ Viruses: Invade host cells

  3️⃣ Fungi: Release spores that grow in or on the body

  4️⃣ Protists: Ingest tissue or produce toxins
• Fungi spores can grow in or on the body, disrupting normal function.


  True
• Viruses cause damage by invading host cells and replicating, leading to cell lysis or dysfunction.


  True
• Influenza is primarily transmitted through air droplets or direct contact.


  True
• Categorize the risk factors for infectious diseases:

  1️⃣ Environmental: Exposure to contaminated environments

  2️⃣ Genetic: Genetic predisposition to infections

  3️⃣ Lifestyle: Behaviors that weaken immunity

  4️⃣ Immune System: Weakened immune system vulnerability
• Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can release toxins
• Protists are single-celled eukaryotes that cause diseases like malaria
• What is an example of a bacterium that releases toxins?

  Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Protozoa can produce toxins or ingest tissues to cause damage.


  True
• Bacteria can directly damage cells or release toxins to cause disease.


  True