1.2 Limitation of physical measurements

• Fundamental measurements are basic quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities
• Match the type of measurement with its definition and examples:

  Fundamental Measurements ↔️ Basic quantities; length, mass, time

  Derived Measurements ↔️ Quantities defined in terms of fundamentals; volume, density, velocity
• What type of errors consistently bias the measurement in a particular direction?

  Systematic errors
• Steps to minimize systematic errors:

  1️⃣ Careful calibration

  2️⃣ Improved experimental design

  3️⃣ Use of more precise instruments
• Systematic errors can arise from limitations in the measurement process or equipment.


  True
• Uncontrolled environmental conditions like temperature and humidity can cause random errors
• Human factors such as reading instruments incorrectly can cause random errors.


  True
• Measurements are subject to various sources of error
• Systematic errors consistently bias the measurement in a particular direction.

  True
• Match the error type with its definition:

  Systematic Errors ↔️ Errors that consistently bias the measurement in a particular direction.

  Random Errors ↔️ Unpredictable errors that cause measured values to fluctuate around the true value.
• Random errors can be minimized by taking multiple measurements
• What are three examples of sources of random errors?

  Uncontrolled conditions, human factors, limitations in measurement
• Environmental factors such as temperature variations can cause systematic errors
• Match the error type with its reduction methods:

  Systematic Errors ↔️ Calibrate instruments, improve design, use precise tools

  Random Errors ↔️ Take multiple measurements, use statistical analysis
• What is one statistical technique used to minimize random errors?

  Statistical analysis
• What is the process of assigning numerical values to physical properties or quantities called?

  Physical measurements
• Derived measurements are defined in terms of fundamental measurements.

  True
• Random errors are unpredictable errors that cause measured values to fluctuate around the true value
• Steps to minimize random errors:

  1️⃣ Take multiple measurements

  2️⃣ Use statistical techniques
• Do random errors consistently bias measurements in a specific direction?

  No
• Match the error type with its definition and reduction methods:

  Systematic Errors ↔️ Consistent bias; calibration, improved design

  Random Errors ↔️ Unpredictable fluctuations; multiple measurements, statistical techniques
• What statistical techniques are used to analyze data and minimize random errors?

  Mean, median, standard deviation
• What are the two main types of errors in physical measurements?

  Systematic and random errors
• Random errors cause measured values to fluctuate around the true value
• How can systematic errors be reduced?

  Careful calibration
• Steps to minimize random errors:

  1️⃣ Take multiple measurements

  2️⃣ Use statistical techniques
• Systematic errors arise from miscalibration of instruments.


  True
• What are three methods to reduce systematic errors?

  Calibrate instruments, improve design, use precise tools
• Systematic errors can be reduced through improved experimental design