4.4 Genetic Relationships and Classification

• Genetic relationships are used to classify organisms into a taxonomic hierarchy
• Match the type of genetic relationship with its description:

  Homologous ↔️ Shared genetic ancestry

  Analogous ↔️ Shared physical characteristics

  Paralogous ↔️ Genes diverged within a single organism

  Orthologous ↔️ Genes diverged from a common ancestor
• Arrange the types of genetic relationships based on their evolutionary origin:

  1️⃣ Homologous

  2️⃣ Orthologous

  3️⃣ Analogous

  4️⃣ Paralogous
• Match the molecular technique with its description:

  DNA sequencing ↔️ Determines the nucleotide sequence

  DNA hybridization ↔️ Measures complementarity between DNA strands

  Protein sequencing ↔️ Analyzes the amino acid sequence

  Immunological techniques ↔️ Uses antibody-antigen reactions
• Phylogenetic trees use nodes to represent common ancestors and branches to show descent.


  True
• Phylogenetic trees are crucial for studying the evolutionary history of life
• Genetic relationships are used to classify organisms into a taxonomic hierarchy based on their evolutionary history.
• Understanding genetic relationships is crucial for accurately classifying organisms based on evolutionary relatedness.


  True
• Higher DNA hybridization between two strands indicates closer evolutionary relationships.
• A rooted phylogenetic tree begins at the earliest common ancestor and shows the direction of evolution.


  True
• Phenotypic classification uses an organism's physical characteristics for classification.
• Homologous structures share a common genetic origin due to common ancestry.
• Match the type of structure with its description:

  Homologous ↔️ Share common genetic origin

  Analogous ↔️ Perform similar functions but evolved independently
• Traditional classification methods using physical characteristics provide greater evolutionary insight than modern methods using genetic data.

  False
• Understanding genetic relationships is crucial for classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relatedness
• Molecular techniques are used to determine genetic relationships by analyzing the degree of genetic similarity
• Molecular techniques provide quantitative data on genetic similarity, enabling accurate phylogenetic analysis
• Match the type of phylogenetic tree with its characteristic:

  Rooted ↔️ Shows direction of evolution

  Unrooted ↔️ Shows relationships without direction
• What does the degree of genetic similarity between organisms determine?

  Genetic relationships
• Match the genetic relationship with its description:

  Homologous ↔️ Shared genetic ancestry due to common descent

  Analogous ↔️ Shared physical characteristics due to convergent evolution

  Paralogous ↔️ Genes diverged within a single organism due to duplication

  Orthologous ↔️ Genes in different species diverged from a common ancestor
• What does DNA sequencing determine in molecular relationships?

  Nucleotide sequence
• What do nodes represent in a phylogenetic tree?

  Common ancestors
• Match the type of phylogenetic tree with its characteristic:

  Rooted ↔️ Shows direction of evolution from earliest ancestor

  Unrooted ↔️ Shows relationships without direction
• What type of data does genotypic classification use to classify organisms?

  Genetic makeup
• How do analogous structures evolve in different species?

  Convergent evolution
• What does genetic data help determine in taxonomic classifications?

  Evolutionary relationships
• Modern classification methods using genetic data often reveal surprising evolutionary connections.