2.2.4 Proteins

• Peptide bonds are covalent bonds between amino acids formed during dehydration reactions.
• Match the component of an amino acid with its role:

  Amino Group (-NH₂) ↔️ Acts as a base

  Carboxyl Group (-COOH) ↔️ Donates hydrogen ions

  R-Group ↔️ Determines chemical properties
• Peptide bonds are formed through a hydrolysis reaction.

  False
• Arrange the four levels of protein structure in order from simplest to most complex:

  1️⃣ Primary

  2️⃣ Secondary

  3️⃣ Tertiary

  4️⃣ Quaternary
• The tertiary structure of a protein is stabilized solely by hydrogen bonds.

  False
• What are proteins made of?

  Amino acids
• Proteins have a specific three-dimensional structure determined by their amino acid sequence.


  True
• What is the key to an amino acid's individual chemical behavior?

  R-group
• Peptide bond formation occurs through a dehydration reaction, which releases one water molecule per bond formed.molecule
• What type of bonds stabilize the primary structure of proteins?

  Peptide bonds
• Which forces are involved in the quaternary structure of proteins?

  Hydrogen, ionic, disulfide bonds, Van der Waals forces
• What determines the chemical properties of an amino acid?

  R-group
• Peptide bonds are covalent bonds between amino acids
• What is the central atom in an amino acid?

  Carbon
• The R-group determines the chemical properties of an amino acid.

  True
• The reaction type for peptide bond formation is a dehydration reaction
• The primary structure of a protein refers to its amino acid sequence.

  True
• The tertiary structure of a protein is driven by interactions of the R-groups
• Which type of bonds can be found in the quaternary structure of proteins?

  All except peptide bonds
• What can extreme pH levels disrupt in proteins?

  Hydrogen bonds
• Match the protein type with its function:

  Enzymes ↔️ Biological catalysts

  Structural Proteins ↔️ Provide structural support

  Transport Proteins ↔️ Carry molecules across membranes

  Signaling Proteins ↔️ Transmit signals between cells
• The 3D structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence and is crucial for its function.


  True
• The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids.
• What are the building blocks of proteins?

  Amino acids
• Dehydration reactions form peptide bonds by removing water molecules.


  True
• Match the amino acid components with their roles:

  Amino Group ↔️ Acts as a base

  Carboxyl Group ↔️ Donates hydrogen ions

  R-Group ↔️ Determines chemical properties

  Hydrogen Atom ↔️ Maintains structure
• What type of reaction forms peptide bonds?

  Dehydration
• Which atoms are involved in forming peptide bonds?

  Carbon and nitrogen
• What stabilizes the secondary structure of a protein?

  Hydrogen bonds
• Arrange the levels of protein structure in order

  1️⃣ Primary

  2️⃣ Secondary

  3️⃣ Tertiary

  4️⃣ Quaternary
• High temperatures can cause proteins to denature.

  True
• Ligand binding can either activate or inhibit protein activity
• What is an example of a structural protein found in connective tissue?

  Collagen