Bio 100 Exam 1

• Life Structure: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
• Stimuli Response - you touch a hot stove and pull your hand away because it hurts and you get a neurological response to pull it away
• Reproduction: ensures survival of species, passes along genes, and allows for variation
• Adaptation: biological or evolutionary changes caused by years of an animal learning and adjusting better to its natural environment. EX: humans losing tails and majority of body hair because we started wearing clothes, animal skins, using fire to stay warm
• Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment (keeping the internal temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit so your organs don't shut down)
• Genus: a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name, e.g. Leo
• Species: A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring
• Carl Linnaeus - invented hierarchical taxonomy, which is the basis of modern taxonomy
• Matter states: solid, liquid, gas
• Subatomic particles: Particles that make up an atom, such as electrons and protons.
• A compound is: A substance made up of two or more different elements chemically combined
• A molecule is: A group of atoms that have a fixed number of electrons in their outer shells
• Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Examples are carbon-12 and carbon-14
• An animal cell: Centrosome, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Chromatin, Golgi apparatus, Golgi vesicle, lysosome, microfilament, microtubule, mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, ribosome, rough and smooth ER, vacuole, peroxisome

  
• Basic Organelles from inside out: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, rough ER, centrosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuole
• The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota
• 3 bonds in chemistry: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and metallic bonds
• Six Properties of Water: Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, viscosity, and surface area
• Acid: A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) to water. For example, hydrochloric acid with a pH of 1-2.
• Base: A substance that can donate a proton in a reaction. For example, laundry detergent which has a pH between 7-10 depending on brand
• A pH level is a measure of the alkalinity or acidity of a solution, ranging in numbers 0-14. Below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline or basic
• 4 molecules of life: proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates: made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 3 types are monosaccharides (single sugar), disaccharides (double sugar), and polysaccharides (3+ sugar).
• Polysaccharide: multiple sugar units. Examples include starch and glycogen
• Monosaccharide: single sugar unit. Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose.
• Animals grow because of the energy they consume and the energy they produce through respiration. The end goal is to grow to a size that allows them to survive and reproduce
• Classification order: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• The genus of humans is Homo, and the species is Homo sapiens
• The subatomic particles are the electrons, protons, neutrons, and neutrinos.
• ionic bonds are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons to form a full outer shell
• covalent bonds are when atoms share electrons to form a covalent bond
• hydrogen bonds are weak bonds between the hydrogen atoms of adjacent molecules
• water has hydrogen bonds
• Organic matter is a material that is made up of carbon and hydrogen.
• inorganic matter is non-living matter that is not made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus
• salt's compound is sodium chloride, NaCl
• ice floats because it is less dense than water, so it floats on top of the water
• a buffer in chemistry is a solution that can withstand a change in pH without changing its concentration
• the major molecules of life are proteins, nucleic acids, carbs, and lipids
• Polymers are linked together by covalent bonds. They are long chains of monomers.