geog paper 1

• What defines a natural hazard?

  A natural event with social impact
• What happens if no people are affected by an event?

  It is not considered a hazard
• What can geomorphological hazards include?

  Flooding, mudslides, rockslides
• What are biological hazards?

  Hazards involving living organisms
• How can a landslide be linked to other hazards?

  A landslide can cause a tsunami
• What are atmospheric hazards?

  Hazards related to weather phenomena
• Why do people live near hazardous areas?

  They may believe defenses will protect them
• What human factors affect risk levels in hazardous areas?

  Fertile land and housing costs
• How does human activity impact climate change?

  Humans emit most CO2 into the atmosphere
• What is the effect of population density on natural hazards?

  More people affected in densely populated areas
• What are the layers of the Earth mentioned?

  Crust, mantle, core
• What is the mantle composed of?

  Magma and molten rock
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat from the core
• What are the types of tectonic plate margins?

  Destructive, conservative, constructive
• What happens at a destructive plate margin?

  Continental plates collide and form mountains
• What occurs when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate?

  The oceanic plate is subducted
• What is formed when magma rises through a subducted oceanic plate?

  Volcanoes on the continental plate
• What happens at a conservative plate margin?

  Plates move against each other, causing earthquakes
• What occurs at a constructive plate margin?

  Plates move away, allowing magma to surface
• What can be formed by slow cooling lava?

  Shield volcanoes and volcanic islands
• What are primary effects of a natural hazard?

  Immediate impacts on people and buildings
• What are secondary effects of a natural hazard?

  After effects occurring over a longer time
• What is an HIC defined by the World Bank?

  GNI over $12,000 per person
• What is a low-income country defined by the World Bank?

  GNI less than $12,000 per person
• How do the earthquakes in Chile and Italy differ?

  Chile's earthquake was more costly and severe
• What was the magnitude of the Chile earthquake?

  8.8 on the Richter Scale
• What were some primary effects of the Chile earthquake?

  Severe damage to airport and port
• How many people were killed in the Chile earthquake?

  500 people
• What was the estimated cost of the earthquake in Italy?

  $11 billion
• How many buildings collapsed in the Italy earthquake?

  Nearly 15,000 buildings
• What were some secondary effects of the Chile earthquake?

  Tsunamis, landslides, and fires
• What was the immediate response in Chile after the earthquake?

  National funding appeals and emergency services
• What was the long-term response in Italy after the earthquake?

  Reduced taxes for affected individuals
• What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?

  7.9 on the Richter Scale
• What were some primary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

  9,000 deaths and 1 million homeless
• What were some secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

  Avalanche on Everest and blocked roads
• How did the Nepal earthquake affect tourism?

  Lost a large chunk of tourism due to Everest
• What was the long-term response to the Nepal earthquake?

  Massive rebuilding project and ongoing repairs
• What are some mitigation strategies for volcanic hazards?

  Planning, evacuation plans, and education
• How can volcanic eruptions be predicted?

  Monitoring temperature, gases, and gravity changes