Ch. 1 EXAM

• Biology: The branch of science that deals with living organisms
• Genome: The complete genetic makeup of an organism
• Proteome: The complete complement of proteins of an organism
• Taxonomy: The branch of biology that deals with classification
• Genus name capitalized
• Species name/descriptor is not capitalized
• Archaea: Live in EXTREME conditions
• Vertical Evolution: Evolution mentioned by Darwin, progress of changes in a lineage via accumulation of mutations.
• Horizontal Gene Transfer: Genetic exchange between two DIFFERENT species!
• Steps in a scientific method: 5 steps!
• Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon
• Theory: Broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence
• Cystic fibrosis disease: defect in chloride transport
• Causes a buildup of mucus in the lungs and pancreatic ducts to the small intestines.
• Both Genus name and Species name is italicized.
• Genus name always capitalizes first letter, species name does not.
• Atom: The smallest particle of an element
• Molecule: Atoms combine to form a molecule with three dimensional shape
• Electrons: Subatomic particles that are negatively charged
• Protons: Subatomic particles that are positively charged
• Neutrons: Subatomic particles that have a neutral charge
• Atomic Number: Number of protons
• Isotopes: They have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
• Bulk elements found in living organisms are Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen
• Ionic bond: Formed by a transfer of electrons
• Examples of ionic bonds: NaCl, KCl, MgCl2
• Covalent bond: Formed by sharing of electrons
• Examples of Covalent Bond: O2, N2, CH4, H2O.
• H bonds: found in polar covalent molecules
• Examples of H bonds: found AMONG water molecules, between strands of DNA.
• Hydrophilic: Water-Loving! Dissolves in water!
• Hydrophobic: Water-fearing! Won't mix with water, (oil, steroids)
• Amphipathic: Both-loves! Have both polar/ionized and nonpolar regions!
• pH: Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
• Acidic pH range: 1 - 6
• Neutral pH: 7
• Basic pH range: 8-14
• pH of human blood: 7.4
• Acids: Would increase hydrogen ion concentration
• Bases: Decrease hydrogen ion concentration