chapter 16

• the congress during the civil war created a new national banking system and instituted a protective tariff
• republicans wanted to raise tariffs-- adopted this belief from whigs
• after the civil war america sought to extend beyond its borders
• mathew perry + the treaty of kanawaga consisted of letting the US refuel ships and establish trade later on
• most americans did not want conquest but instead wanted to increase trade
• sewards folly was the purchase of alaska from russia, which later proved to be valuable
• railroads that went transcontinental was complete in 1869
• in the west chinese built many of the railroads
• the federal government gave loans, subsidies + land grants for the railroads
• tariffs were the largest source of revenue for the government
• tariffs protected american industries
• munn v. illinois- states could regulate certain businesses (railroads); later overturned
• many americans were forced to leave land in the southwest
• us joined the gold standard in the 1870's
• the gold standard hurt those in debt because there was less money in circulation
• homestead act (1862)- gave 160 acres of land to those willing to move west and improve the property
• morril act (1862)- allowed states to sell land and use the money for colleges and universities
• comstock lode- nevada, huge silver deposits
• timber industries grew in the north west and altered the environment
• bison rapidly depleted and nearly went extinct in the 1870's
• long drive- when cattle ranchers herd cattle hundreds of miles north to sell to railroad companies so that they could transport it across the country
• barbed wire allowed farmers to abandon the long drive which led to the altering of the great plains environment
• the blizzard of 1886 left many cowboys broke
• cities popped up among railroads
• steel plow helped alter the environment of the great plains because farmers could grow crops where they couldnt before
• exodusters


  movement of african americans from michigan, louisiana and kansas
• homestead was made of mostly families, contrasting from the mining industry where it was primarily men
• mormons settled in utah to escape religious prosecution
• polygamy led to conflict with the government
• women gained full sufferage in utah
• 160 acres came to not be enough to survive on since the land that was given was arid
• planting and taking off grass led to the erosion of soil and therefore the homestead lands were very unprofitable
• nez perce was removed from present day idaho, washington and oregon, he tried to flee to canada but was caught at the border
• dakota sioux were paid to give up land in minnesota but most of the funds were never given to them
• sand creek massacre


  colorado militia attacked cheyenne indians and killed over 100 of them
• some reformers believed natives could be equal to whites
• natives were forced to embrace christianity and give up native cultures
• indian border schools cut off hair and didn't let native americans see light so their skin could turn lighter so they could adopt white ways
• lone wolf v. hitchcock

  said that congress could make any native policies it wanted
• dawes severalty act

  160 acres of land given to native americans in exchange for them giving up their ways