Ethnicity

• What are the main factors affecting ethnicity according to the study material?

  Material deprivation, family life, racism
• How does racism in wider society affect ethnic minorities?

  It leads to social exclusion and worsening poverty
• Who noted that discrimination is a persistent feature for minority ethnic citizens in Britain?

  David Manson
• What did John Rex (1986) argue about racial discrimination?

  It leads to social exclusion and worsening poverty
• What is a significant issue faced by black families according to Maynard (1965)?

  Struggles to provide due to lone-headedness
• What did Lupton (2004) find about Asian families and work ethic?

  They have a better work ethic due to parental authority
• What did Sewell (2009) identify as lacking in some families?

  Lack of tough love and adequate discipline
• What do many theorists argue about children from low-income families?

  They lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences
• What did Berieter and Engelmann identify as inadequate for educational success?

  Language spoken by low-income black American families
• What is a major cause of failure in many black children according to the study material?

  Lack of motivation and negative attitudes
• What does Sugarman suggest about the socialization of black children?

  They are socialized into fatalism and immediate gratification
• What criticism does Gillborn (2005) make regarding peer pressure?

  It is not peer pressure but institutional racism that causes failures
• What does Driver (2005) argue about lone-headed families?

  They can provide positive role models
• What are the external factors affecting achievement in ethnicity?

  • Material deprivation
  • Family life and parental support
  • Racism in wider society
  • Language and cultural deprivation
  • Attitudes and lack of motivation
• What are the criticisms of cultural deprivation theory?

  • Many parents in divorced families remain involved
  • Institutional racism may block boys' successes
  • Lone-headed families can provide positive role models