Class

• What does deprivation theory suggest about underachievement?

  It links underachievement to working class culture.
• How does overcrowding in housing affect students?

  It provides no space to study effectively.
• What impact does poor heating have on students?

  It leads to illness and increased absences.
• How does moving house frequently disrupt learning?

  It interrupts stability and continuity in education.
• Who identified poor housing as a factor in lower test scores?

  Douglas (1964)
• What is material deprivation in education?

  Inability to afford educational resources.
• How do long working hours affect students' education?

  They reduce time for homework help.
• What did Donic BW say about free schooling?

  It places strain on poorer families.
• What are hidden costs of education according to Caity Tarner?

  They limit opportunities for students.
• What government policies address material deprivation?

  1. Pupil Premium: Extra funding for disadvantaged pupils.
  2. Free School Meals: Ensures free meals for low-income students.
  3. Bursaries & Loans: Reduce barriers to university access.
• How does poor nutrition affect students' performance?

  It leads to low energy and illness.
• Who linked poor nutrition to low energy levels?

  Howard (2001)
• What did Wilkinson (1996) find about mental health and school performance?

  Poor mental health negatively impacts performance.
• Why do working class students avoid university?

  Fear of debt due to costs.
• What did Callender & Jackson's survey reveal?

  Fear of debt discourages university applicants.
• What are the criticisms of deprivation theory?

  • Ignores cultural factors affecting student success.
  • Not all students from poor backgrounds fail.
  • Parental attitudes significantly influence outcomes.
  • Government policies help, but benefits are unequal.
• What does the term "cultural deprivation" refer to?

  Lacking knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes
• How do schools disadvantage certain groups?

  By favoring white middle-class values
• What are the two types of language styles mentioned?

  • Restricted code (working class)
  • Elaborated code (middle class)
• Who is a key sociologist associated with cultural deprivation?

  Bernstein
• What does Sugarman (1970) argue about working-class values?

  They act as barriers to success
• What are the characteristics of working-class subculture according to Sugarman?

  • Present time orientation
  • Collectivism
  • Fatalism
  • Immediate gratification
• How do parental attitudes differ between working-class and middle-class families?

  Middle-class parents encourage future planning
• What did Douglas (1967) find about parental involvement?

  Higher involvement leads to higher achievement
• What is the difference in gratification between middle-class and working-class children?

  Middle-class children are taught deferred gratification
• What are the criticisms of the cultural deprivation theory?

  • Blames the victim, ignoring systemic issues
  • Ignores material factors like poverty
  • Not all working-class children fail