Gender

• What external factors affect gender in education?

  Changing ambitions, employment, family, feminism
• According to Lo Sue Sharpe (1994), how have girls' ambitions changed since 1970?

  Girls have higher ambitions for careers
• What educational qualifications do girls need more of due to their ambitions?

  More educational qualifications
• What legislation in the 1970s encouraged women's employment?

  Equal Pay Act & Sex Discrimination Act
• What has been the trend in 'masculine jobs' according to Mistos & Brown?

  Decline in 'masculine jobs'
• What family changes explain boys' underachievement?

  Increased choice in divorce and cohabitation
• How has feminism impacted traditional stereotypes since the 1960s?

  Feminism has challenged traditional stereotypes
• What did the DFE (2013) report about girls by the end of year one?

  Girls are a year ahead
• How do girls perform in GCSE results compared to boys?

  Girls perform better than boys
• What is the trend for girls at A Level compared to boys?

  More girls are likely to sit A Levels
• What is the trend for girls going to university compared to boys?

  Higher proportion of girls go to university
• Why do girls achieve better than boys according to Francis?

  Girls work harder and are more organized
• What is the pro-sencor trend regarding reading preferences?

  Girls like reading, boys do not
• How do girls mature compared to boys?

  Girls mature earlier, by up to 2 years
• What are the expectations for boys according to Linthicum?

  Lower expectations lead to self-fulfilling prophecy
• How much more likely are boys to be excluded from school?

  Boys are 3x more likely to be excluded
• What is a contributing factor to boys' underachievement regarding role models?

  Lack of male role models in teaching
• What is the 'macho lad' culture according to Porte et al (2006)?

  Dominant masculine attitude that is anti-school
• How does declining male employment affect boys' motivation?

  Declining employment leads to lack of motivation
• What role does peer pressure play in boys' educational efforts?

  Peer pressure links to boys' lack of effort
• According to Fuller (2011), what is essential for girls' identity?

  Educational success is essential for girls' identity