SCIENCE

• Geomorphology - The study of the relief of the Earth’s crust
• Diastrophisim - it is the vertical and horizontal movement of the crust that results in mountains
• Erosion - the hysical removal of rock or the wearing down of landmasses by geomorphic agents such as running water, glacial ice, and the wind
• Weathering - It is the proccess by which rocks and other materials that are exposed to the earths surface and come into contact with the atmsphere decompose
• Volcanism - it refers to a variety of proccesses associated with the surface discharge of magma or hot water nd steams, such as volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and hot springs
• Geysers - is a surface vent that periodically ejects column of hot water and steam
• Fumarole - a a geothermic vent that emits volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide
• Hot spring - it is also ccalled as thermal spring. a source of geothermally heated water rising to the surface of the earths crust
• Volcano - is an example of extrusive volcanism. It is typically cone shaped hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or the ejection of rck fragments from a vent
• Active volcanoes - At present, there 859 active volcanoes in the world. 75% of them are located in the Ring of fire
• cone - most striking part of a volcano, usually composed of mixtures of lava
• Vent - The opening through which eruption takes place. This main part of a volcano supplies the magma
• Magma Chamber - The large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath the Earth’s crust
• Crater - A basin-like depression over a vent at the summit of the cone
• Caldera - A volcanic depression much larger than the original crater
• Lava - The rock or magma expelled from a volcano during an eruption
• Dikes - The barrier or obstacles in a volcano
• Dikes - are found in igneous forms that, under great pressure, cut fractures or fissures across previously formed metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous rocks.
• Sills - They are solidified lava flows that originally forced their way between and parallel to older layers of rock.
• Conduit - A channel or pipe conveying liquid materials such as magma
• Flank - The side of a volcano
• Summit - The highest point or apex of a volcano
• Throat - The entrance of a volcano
• Ash Cloud - Expelled into the atmosphere; volcanic ash or ash cloud is compose of pulverized rock and glass created during the eruption
• Volcanic bombs - The chunks of lava blasted into the air that solidify before reaching the ground
• Pyroclastic Flow - Fast moving currents of hot gases and rock travelling downhill from a volcano.
• Tephra Fall - Refers to fragmented material that consists of pumice, scoria, lithic materials, crystals, or a combination of the four.
• Lahar - Also called mudflows; they are flowing mixture of volcanic debris and water
• Cinder cones - also known as scoria cones, are the simplest type of volcano, constructed atop a vent, largely made of basalt.
• Composite volcanoes - also known as stratovolcanoes, are made up of alternating layers of pyroclastic (acidic, high-silica-content) elements and hardened lava flows.
• Shield volcanoes - are broad, gently sloping landforms built by many layers of low-viscous lava flows which cannot be filled up into steep mounds.
• Eruptions of shield volcanoes - are relatively nonviolent due to the fluidity of the basalt lava ejected from the vent.
• Volcanic domes - also known as lava domes, are rounded, steep-sided mounds formed by small, bulging masses of lava primarily composed of either dacite or rhyolite.
• Lava - coming from a dome is too viscous to flow from the vent.
• Supervolcanoes - described to produce the largest eruptions on Earth, are volcanic centers that have recorded an eruption with a magnitude of 8 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), meaning single volcano of this type can eject magma and other materials up to a volume greater than 1,000 km3.
• The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) scale was created by Christopher G. Newhall to provide general measurements of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions.
• Submarine volcanoes - are created when magma erupts in the underwater fissures of the Earth.
• Subglacial volcanoes - also called glaciovolcanoes, are created by eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or sheets which are then melted into a lake by the rising lava.
• impacts and threats of climate change - rising temperature, shrinking ice sheets, sea level rise, biodiversity depletion, ocean acidification, and extreme weather.
• Greenhouse gases - Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons