Sport in the twenty - first century

• What two factors have affected the characteristics of sport and levels of participation?

  Globalisation and media coverage
• What factors should you understand the importance of in relation to sports participation?

  Time, money, and transport availability
• How is the class system in Britain described in the text?

  Less pronounced and more fluid
• What is social mobility?

  Changes in wealth, education, occupation
• What is often seen as the background of participants in professional sports like football?

  Unskilled, unemployed, working-class males
• What is the effect of media promoting sports for social mobility?

  Creates role models for young people
• Which sports in South Wales and the North of England exemplify social mobility?

  Rugby union and rugby league
• What change has occurred in sports like football regarding social class?

  Much more mixed
• Which sports are still largely associated with the upper/middle classes?

  Polo, tennis, and golf
• What factors contribute to the upper/middle class association with polo, tennis, and golf?

  Expense and social elitism
• What class background do a disproportionate number of elite Olympic athletes have?

  Middle class
• Which sports are still associated more with the working class?

  Football
• How has the Premier League been marketed in the twenty-first century?

  As an elite and executive experience
• How are social class and sports participation often linked?

  Social class determines sport choice
• What is one way of explaining the various social mechanisms involved with sports participation?

  Marxism
• What does Marxism show about society?

  Shaped by economic forces
• According to conflict theory, what do sports promote?

  Economic exploitation
• According to conflict theory, what do sports develop for elite groups?

  Power and privilege
• What does social class influence in sports, besides the choice of sport?

  Amateur or professional status
• In the twenty-first century, what is the overall conclusion about sports participation?

  More diverse backgrounds
• Is there still a difference in the participation levels between men and women in sport?

  Yes, for most men
• What belief reinforces male dominance in sport and sport coverage?

  'Unfeminine' to be good at sport
• What activities are mainly followed by females?

  Dance-type activities
• What activities are male-dominated?

  Many team sports
• Are more women now involved in physical exercise?

  Yes, there is more interest
• What may an increase in female sports presenters encourage?

  More women to take interest
• What happens to sports participation with age?

  Decrease with age
• How has legislation affecting sport changed in the twenty-first century?

  More sophisticated
• What rights are now more enshrined in law?

  Spectators' rights and safety
• In what areas is law related to aggression relevant?

  Players on and off pitch
• What is increasingly being used to protect officials and referees?

  The law
• What is litigation over injuries suffered in a sporting context?

  Relatively recent development
• What have a number of cases established?

  Duty of care by participants
• What new categories of potential defendants have begun to emerge in actions for sports injuries?

  Match official responsibility
• What was the result of rugby players suffering severe spinal trauma?

  Referee's failure to exert control
• What have football banning orders been used for?

  Stop potential troublemakers
• What conditions can be tailored on a case-by-case basis for football banning orders?

  Precise conditions
• Where can courts ban recipients from visiting during risk periods?

  Town centres, pubs, bars
• Under what provisions are Football Banning Orders imposed?

  Football Spectators Act 1989
• What was the subject of International Football Banning Orders imposed before the England/Germany World Cup qualifier in Munich in 2001?

  Suspected hooligans