7.5. Data Analysis and Interpretation

• Qualitative data is non-numerical data describing qualities
• Qualitative data interpretation provides depth and context
• Steps in analyzing qualitative data:

  1️⃣ Coding

  2️⃣ Categorization

  3️⃣ Thematic analysis
• Primary data is collected directly by the researcher
• Hypothesis testing is an example of inferential statistics.

  True
• Which statistical tests are used to compare means between groups?

  t-tests, Chi-square tests, ANOVA
• Qualitative data provides depth and context
• Survey results are an example of qualitative geographical data.

  False
• Descriptive statistics are used to draw conclusions about a population.

  False
• Combining tables and charts can provide a comprehensive data representation strategy.

  True
• Steps in hypothesis testing

  1️⃣ Formulate a hypothesis

  2️⃣ Collect sample data

  3️⃣ Perform statistical analysis

  4️⃣ Interpret results
• Interpreting qualitative data involves identifying common themes, patterns, and relationships
• Qualitative data provides rich, contextual insights into phenomena.


  True
• Qualitative data provides depth and context
• Identifying appropriate data sources, whether qualitative or quantitative, is crucial for gathering relevant information
• Identifying appropriate data sources is crucial for supporting geographical research.


  True
• Common methods for collecting primary data include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments
• Examples of methods for primary data collection include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments
• What do descriptive statistics summarize in geographical research?

  Central tendency and variability
• What does the range measure in descriptive statistics?

  Variability
• Charts are effective for visualizing trends and relationships, while tables are better for presenting precise values
• Tables may be less intuitive for spotting trends
• The null hypothesis (H0) assumes there is no significant difference or relationship
• Interpreting qualitative data involves identifying common themes, patterns, and relationships
• Thematic analysis, coding, and categorization are techniques used in qualitative data interpretation
• What is the outcome of quantitative data interpretation?

  Statistical inferences about populations
• What is the purpose of spatial analysis?

  Uncover insights about underlying processes
• Bias in research can arise from subjective judgments or incomplete data.


  True
• What is qualitative data in geography research?

  Non-numerical information
• Qualitative data is analyzed using statistical methods.

  False
• Identifying appropriate data sources is crucial for geographical investigations.


  True
• What is primary data in geographical research?

  Data collected directly by researcher
• Match the data type with its example:

  Primary data ↔️ Interviews with local residents

  Secondary data ↔️ Government statistics
• Descriptive statistics summarize the central tendency
• Standard deviation and range measure the variability within a dataset
• Match the characteristic with the correct data type:

  Describes qualities or properties ↔️ Qualitative Data

  Can be measured and quantified ↔️ Quantitative Data
• Match the data type with its source in geography:

  Observations of physical landscapes ↔️ Qualitative Sources

  Satellite imagery ↔️ Quantitative Sources
• Inferential statistics use methods like hypothesis testing and regression
• Match the characteristic with the correct data representation method:

  Precise numerical values ↔️ Tables

  Visualization of trends ↔️ Charts
• The alternative hypothesis (H1) states that there is a significant difference or relationship