15.5 Particle Physics

• The comprehensive theory describing fundamental particles and their interactions is called the Standard
• Leptons include elementary particles and their corresponding neutrinos
• The weak nuclear force is mediated by W and Z bosons.
• Quarks combine to form hadrons like protons and neutrons.
• Order the gauge bosons by the forces they mediate:

  1️⃣ Photons (Electromagnetic)

  2️⃣ Gluons (Strong Nuclear)

  3️⃣ W and Z bosons (Weak Nuclear)
• Quarks participate in strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions.


  True
• Color charge in QCD is analogous to electric charge in electromagnetism.


  True
• The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is located at CERN.
• What is the branch of physics that studies the fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions?

  Particle physics
• What are the six types of leptons?

  Electron, muon, tau, neutrinos
• Which gauge boson mediates the strong nuclear force?

  Gluons
• Quarks have six different flavors
• The strong nuclear force is mediated by gluons
• What theory describes the strong nuclear force?

  Quantum Chromodynamics
• Arrange the key concepts of QCD in a logical order:

  1️⃣ Color Charge

  2️⃣ Gluons

  3️⃣ Color Confinement
• The Electroweak Theory and QCD together form the Standard Model of particle physics.
• Particle physics experiments rely on accelerators to collide particles at high energies.
• The Large Hadron Collider accelerates protons or heavy ions to nearly the speed of light
• Particle physics experiments rely on particle accelerators to collide particles at extremely high energies
• The nature of dark matter, which makes up about 85% of the matter in the universe, is still unknown
• What are examples of theories being developed to go beyond the Standard Model?

  Supersymmetry and string theory
• The Standard Model accurately predicts that neutrinos have mass.

  False
• Quarks are the basic building blocks of protons and neutrons.


  True
• Photons mediate the electromagnetic force.


  True
• The Large Hadron Collider is located at CERN.

  True
• Leptons participate in the strong nuclear force.

  False
• Gauge bosons are particles that mediate fundamental forces.


  True
• The photon mediates the electromagnetic force.
• Arrange the key concepts of QCD in a logical order:

  1️⃣ Color charge

  2️⃣ Gluons

  3️⃣ Color confinement
• How many flavors of quarks are there?

  Six
• Match the gauge boson with the force it mediates:

  Photons ↔️ Electromagnetic force

  Gluons ↔️ Strong nuclear force

  W and Z bosons ↔️ Weak nuclear force
• Quarks are components of hadrons, while leptons are not.


  True
• The exchange of gluons between quarks holds hadrons together.


  True
• Quarks and gluons possess a property called color charge.


  True
• Color charge in QCD is analogous to electric charge in electromagnetism.


  True
• The W and Z bosons are force carriers of the weak nuclear force in the Electroweak Theory.

  True
• Which particle accelerator is located at CERN?

  Large Hadron Collider
• Particle detectors at the LHC are designed to measure the energy of colliding particles.


  True
• Tracking chambers in particle detectors determine the paths and momenta of charged particles.

  True
• Match the open question with its description:

  Dark Matter ↔️ Unknown particles making up most of the universe

  Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry ↔️ Excess of matter over antimatter in the universe

  Neutrino Masses ↔️ Non-zero mass of neutrinos contradicts the Standard Model