2.4.2 Depression

• Anhedonia refers to the loss of interest or pleasure in activities.

  True
• A key characteristic of depression is a persistent low mood lasting for at least two weeks
• Match the symptom with its definition:

  Depressed mood ↔️ Persistent sadness, emptiness, or irritability

  Loss of interest or pleasure ↔️ Lack of enjoyment in activities previously pleasurable

  Fatigue or loss of energy ↔️ Feeling tired or drained most of the time

  Thoughts of death or suicide ↔️ Suicidal ideation or attempts
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities is referred to as anhedonia
• What is anhedonia characterized by in depression?

  Loss of interest or pleasure
• Match the type of depression characteristic with its description:

  1️⃣ Emotional

  2️⃣ Behavioral

  3️⃣ Cognitive
• Neurotransmitter imbalance in depression is associated with reduced levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
• What does Aaron Beck's cognitive model propose about depression?

  Negative thought patterns lead to symptoms
• What is the defining characteristic of depression as a mood disorder?

  Persistent feelings of sadness
• Diagnostic criteria for depression in the DSM-5 require the presence of at least five symptoms over a two-week period.


  True
• The key characteristics of depression can be divided into three main categories: emotional, behavioral, and cognitive
• Irritability is a frequent feeling of anger or frustration
• Fatigue, characterized by low energy levels, is a behavioral symptom of depression
• Which neurotransmitters are associated with depression when imbalanced?

  Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
• What is the core belief in the cognitive model of depression?

  Negative views of self, world, and future
• How do cultural norms influence depression?

  Promote or suppress help-seeking behavior
• What are two types of sleep disturbances associated with depression?

  Insomnia or hypersomnia
• A key symptom of depression is persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or irritability
• What is the primary biological treatment for depression?

  Antidepressants
• What type of social support is effective in preventing depression?

  Strong social connections
• Depression significantly impairs daily functioning, while normal sadness does not.


  True
• Biological explanations for depression focus on key factors such as neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic factors, and hormonal imbalances
• Chronic stress can lead to elevated levels of the hormone cortisol
• Seligman's Learned Helplessness Theory suggests that people become depressed when they feel they have no control over negative events.


  True
• Cultural norms can affect the willingness of individuals to seek help for depression.


  True
• Persistent sadness, emptiness, or irritability is a key symptom of depression
• What is the primary biological treatment for depression?

  Antidepressants
• Early recognition of depression warning signs is crucial for effective prevention.

  True
• Depression is a common mental disorder that affects people of all ages and backgrounds.

  True
• What is a behavioral characteristic of depression related to social interaction?

  Social withdrawal
• Social withdrawal in depression refers to decreased interaction with friends and family
• Match the type of depression characteristic with its description:

  Persistent sadness ↔️ Feeling constantly unhappy or hopeless

  Fatigue ↔️ Low energy levels

  Difficulty concentrating ↔️ Problems focusing on tasks
• Individuals with a family history of depression have an increased risk of developing the disorder.


  True
• In Beck's cognitive model, the negative triad refers to pessimistic beliefs about self, world, and future
• Anhedonia in depression refers to the loss of interest or pleasure in activities
• Match the symptom of depression with its definition:

  1️⃣ Depressed mood

  2️⃣ Loss of interest or pleasure

  3️⃣ Fatigue or loss of energy

  4️⃣ Thoughts of death or suicide
• What is a key characteristic of emotional depression?

  Persistent sadness
• What is a behavioral symptom of depression?

  Social withdrawal
• What is a cognitive symptom of depression?

  Difficulty concentrating
• Genetic factors play a role in the development of depression.


  True