3.1 Pathogens

• Pathogens always cause disease in humans, animals, or plants.


  True
• What is the body's immune response to pathogens?

  Defense against infection
• What are bacteria?

  Single-celled microorganisms
• All protists are parasitic.

  False
• How do viruses cause disease?

  Hijack host cell machinery
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• Match the pathogen type with a disease it causes:

  Bacteria ↔️ Strep throat

  Viruses ↔️ Influenza

  Fungi ↔️ Athlete's foot

  Protists ↔️ Malaria
• Methods of disease prevention include vaccination, hygiene, and sanitation
• Viruses are non-living infectious agents that can only reproduce inside living host cells
• How do pathogens enter the body?

  Respiratory, digestive, skin
• Protists can cause diseases such as malaria.

  True
• What is a key characteristic of viruses?

  Require host cells
• What substances do bacteria release that damage host cells?

  Toxins
• Protists such as Plasmodium can cause malaria in humans.


  True
• What is an example of transmission through direct contact with a contaminated surface?

  Touching a doorknob
• Which route of infection involves ingesting contaminated food or water?

  Digestive system
• Innate immunity provides a non-specific and immediate response to pathogens.


  True
• Lymphocytes in adaptive immunity produce antibodies and memory cells
• Contact tracing involves identifying and monitoring the contacts
• What disease can dermatophytes cause?

  Ringworm
• Order the steps by which pathogens cause disease:

  1️⃣ Invade the body

  2️⃣ Replicate

  3️⃣ Release harmful substances
• What are two conditions caused by fungi releasing spores and toxins?

  Athlete's foot, ringworm
• Pathogens can spread through different modes of transmission
• Vector-borne transmission involves insects or other animals, like mosquitoes, spreading pathogens.


  True
• What is the body's first line of defense against pathogens called?

  Innate immunity
• What type of immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens?

  Adaptive immunity
• Isolation of infected individuals is a control strategy to prevent disease spread.


  True
• The main types of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
• Pathogens can enter the body through the respiratory system, digestive system, or skin
• Pathogens can only cause disease in humans.

  False
• What are fungi?

  Eukaryotic microorganisms
• Bacteria release toxins that damage host cells
• Influenza is caused by a virus
• All protists are parasitic and cause diseases in humans.

  False
• Viruses hijack the host cell's machinery to make copies of themselves
• Match the pathogen type with an example pathogen and the disease it causes:

  Bacteria ↔️ E. coli, Food poisoning

  Viruses ↔️ Influenza, Flu

  Fungi ↔️ Candida, Thrush

  Protists ↔️ Plasmodium, Malaria
• Airborne transmission involves the spread of pathogens through droplets and aerosols
• Vertical transmission of pathogens occurs through the placenta
• Match the component of innate immunity with its function:

  Physical barriers ↔️ Prevent pathogen entry

  Chemical barriers ↔️ Destroy pathogens with stomach acid

  Immune cells ↔️ Phagocytosis of pathogens
• What is an example of a preventive measure against pathogens?

  Vaccines