4.2 Attitude Formation and Attitude Change

• The affective component of an attitude involves feelings and emotions towards the attitude object.


  True
• In classical conditioning, attitudes are formed by associating an object with a positive or negative stimulus.
• How are attitudes formed through classical conditioning?

  By associating with stimuli
• Cognitive dissonance occurs when our attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.


  True
• What does the Elaboration Likelihood Model propose about persuasion?

  Two routes to attitude change
• Arrange the components of attitudes in the order of their definitions:

  1️⃣ Cognitive: Beliefs and thoughts about the attitude object

  2️⃣ Affective: Feelings and emotions towards the attitude object

  3️⃣ Behavioral: Predisposition to act towards the attitude object
• Observational learning involves forming attitudes by observing the attitudes and behaviors of others
• What is cognitive dissonance?

  Psychological discomfort from inconsistency
• What are attitudes defined as?

  Evaluations and feelings
• Match the theory of attitude formation with its mechanism:

  Classical Conditioning ↔️ Associating an object with a positive stimulus

  Operant Conditioning ↔️ Reinforcing behaviors towards an object

  Observational Learning ↔️ Observing attitudes of others
• What is the mechanism of observational learning in attitude formation?

  Observing others' attitudes
• Order the steps involved in the elaboration likelihood model's two routes to attitude change:

  1️⃣ Central route: Thoughtful consideration of argument

  2️⃣ Peripheral route: Reliance on simple cues like credibility
• Persuasive messages are more effective if they are credible, attractive, and relevant.
• What is an example of the peripheral route to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?

  Being persuaded by endorsements
• Persuasive messages are more effective if they are credible, attractive, and relevant.


  True
• Attitudes can be formed through classical conditioning by associating an object with a positive stimulus.


  True
• Arrange the factors affecting attitude change based on their examples:

  1️⃣ Persuasion: Using credible and attractive messages

  2️⃣ Cognitive Dissonance: Changing attitudes to align with behavior

  3️⃣ Elaboration Likelihood Model: Choosing central or peripheral routes
• What is an example of the behavioral component of an attitude towards chocolate ice cream?

  Buying and eating it
• Attitudes formed through operant conditioning are reinforced by rewarding positive behaviors.


  True
• Reinforcement of behaviors is the primary mechanism in operant conditioning for attitude formation.


  True
• What motivates individuals to change their attitudes in cognitive dissonance theory?

  Psychological discomfort
• Which route in the elaboration likelihood model leads to more persistent and predictive attitudes?

  Central route
• Attitudes changed through the central route are more persistent
• What is the behavioral component of an attitude?

  Predisposition to act
• Match the attitude formation theory with its mechanism:

  Classical Conditioning ↔️ Associating an object with a positive stimulus

  Operant Conditioning ↔️ Reinforcing behaviors towards an object

  Observational Learning ↔️ Observing the attitudes of others
• Reducing cognitive dissonance can involve changing either attitudes or behaviors.


  True