7.1 Introduction to Research Methods

• Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis
• What type of data does quantitative research use?

  Numerical
• What are research methods in psychology used for?

  Understanding human behavior
• Match the research method with its description:

  Experiments ↔️ Establish cause-and-effect relationships

  Surveys ↔️ Gather broad data from large samples

  Case Studies ↔️ Provide detailed insights into complex phenomena

  Observations ↔️ Record behavior without intervention
• Order the key ethical considerations in psychological research:

  1️⃣ Informed Consent

  2️⃣ Confidentiality

  3️⃣ Minimizing Harm
• An operational definition specifies how variables will be measured or manipulated
• Experiments in psychology aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships.


  True
• Quantitative research uses non-numerical data such as text and images.

  False
• Match the research type with its data type:

  Quantitative Research ↔️ Numerical

  Qualitative Research ↔️ Non-numerical
• Researchers must design studies to minimize harm to participants.


  True
• In an independent samples design, the same participants are tested under different conditions.

  False
• Non-participant observation often takes place in artificial environments.


  True
• Match the sampling technique with its description:

  Random Sampling ↔️ Participants have equal chance of selection

  Stratified Sampling ↔️ Population divided into relevant subgroups

  Convenience Sampling ↔️ Participants selected based on availability
• Qualitative research typically involves a large sample size.

  False
• Qualitative research uses non-numerical data to understand experiences and perspectives.


  True
• Researchers must protect the privacy and confidentiality of participant data
• An operational definition specifies how variables will be measured or manipulated
• An independent samples design uses separate groups for each condition
• Participant observation occurs in natural settings.
• In random sampling, each participant has an equal chance of being chosen
• In qualitative research, data analysis often involves identifying recurring themes
• Qualitative research focuses on numerical data.

  False
• Qualitative research employs thematic analysis to understand experiences and meanings
• What is a hypothesis in psychological research?

  Testable prediction
• What is the purpose of surveys in psychological research?

  Gather broad data
• Qualitative research focuses on understanding experiences and perspectives
• What type of data does qualitative research use?

  Non-numerical data
• Informed consent requires participants to understand the risks of the study and their right to withdraw
• An operational definition specifies how variables will be measured or manipulated
• What is the researcher's role in participant observation?

  Active member of the group
• What is the key characteristic of random sampling?

  Equal chance of selection
• Quantitative research uses numerical data, while qualitative research uses non-numerical data
• Quantitative research employs numerical data and statistical analysis
• What must researchers ensure when obtaining informed consent?

  Participants understand the risks
• What does a hypothesis state in psychological research?

  The expected outcome
• What is the key difference between independent and paired-samples designs?

  Participant groups
• What role does a researcher take in participant observation?

  Active group member
• What are the two main types of questions in a questionnaire?

  Open-ended and closed-ended
• What statistical tool is commonly used in quantitative research for data analysis?

  T-test
• Researchers must protect the privacy of participant data in psychological research.


  True