3.5.4 The Gulf Wars and the 21st Century (1991–2011)

• What war left Iraq heavily indebted before the First Gulf War?

  Iran-Iraq War
• Match the key actor with their role in the First Gulf War:

  Iraq ↔️ Invaded Kuwait

  United Nations ↔️ Imposed sanctions on Iraq

  US-led coalition ↔️ Liberated Kuwait
• The First Gulf War strengthened the authority and credibility of the United Nations.


  True
• Iraq complied with UN resolutions after the First Gulf War

  False
• The First Gulf War was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait
• Match the actor with their role in the First Gulf War:

  Iraq ↔️ Invaded Kuwait

  United Nations ↔️ Authorized the use of force

  United States-led coalition ↔️ Liberated Kuwait

  Kuwait ↔️ Victim of Iraqi aggression
• What did the US and its allies allege about Iraq's activities after the First Gulf War?

  Pursuit of WMDs
• The United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Iraq and authorized a US-led military coalition to liberate Kuwait
• What was a key consequence of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq?

  Sectarian violence and insurgency
• Order the outcomes and consequences of the Second Gulf War:

  1️⃣ Saddam Hussein's regime toppled

  2️⃣ New Iraqi government formed

  3️⃣ US military presence in Iraq

  4️⃣ Increased regional tensions
• Iraq demanded that Kuwait forgive its war debts and increase oil production to drive up prices.


  True
• One outcome of the First Gulf War was the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation.

  True
• After the First Gulf War, Iraq continued to defy UN resolutions, refusing to comply with weapons inspections and disarmament requirements.
• The Second Gulf War was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, similar to the First Gulf War

  False
• President George W. Bush declared "Mission Accomplished" on May 1, 2003

  True
• The Second Gulf War led to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime


  True
• The Gulf Wars have exacerbated regional instability and led to the rise of extremist groups like ISIS
• The Gulf Wars increased Iran's regional economic influence


  True
• Match the factor contributing to the Arab Spring with its description:

  Authoritarian regimes ↔️ Suppressed political freedoms

  Economic challenges ↔️ High unemployment and inflation

  Desire for political reform ↔️ Demand for greater representation
• The Realist Interpretation of the Gulf Wars focuses on geopolitical and strategic interests
• Match the historical interpretation with its key points:

  Realist Interpretation ↔️ Geopolitical and strategic interests

  Idealist Interpretation ↔️ Promotion of democracy and human rights

  Postcolonial Interpretation ↔️ Critique of Western imperialism

  Constructivist Interpretation ↔️ Role of perceptions and narratives
• What years did the First Gulf War take place?

  1990-1991
• Iraq claimed that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq.

  True
• Iraq's need to recover from the Iran-Iraq War debt was a key factor in its invasion of Kuwait
• What was a primary allegation against Iraq that led to the Second Gulf War?

  WMD development
• Key events during the Second Gulf War (2003-2011)

  1️⃣ US-led coalition launches invasion of Iraq

  2️⃣ Baghdad falls, Saddam Hussein's regime collapses

  3️⃣ President George W. Bush declares "Mission Accomplished"

  4️⃣ Saddam Hussein captured

  5️⃣ Iraqi elections held, new government formed

  6️⃣ US troops withdraw from Iraq, ending the war
• Iraq's primary goal in invading Kuwait was to gain control of its oil resources


  True
• One outcome of the First Gulf War was that Kuwait was liberated
• The Second Gulf War was driven more by concerns over Iraq's perceived WMD program.
• The US-led coalition liberated Kuwait within 100 hours during the First Gulf War.


  True
• After Saddam Hussein's regime was toppled, a new Iraqi government was formed through democratic elections
• What was the primary trigger for the First Gulf War?

  Iraq's invasion of Kuwait
• Match the date with the key event of the First Gulf War:

  August 2, 1990 ↔️ Iraq invades Kuwait

  August 6, 1990 ↔️ UN imposes sanctions

  January 17, 1991 ↔️ US-led air strikes begin

  February 28, 1991 ↔️ Ceasefire declared
• What was the fate of Saddam Hussein after the First Gulf War?

  Remained in power
• The US and its allies alleged that Iraq was pursuing the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) during the Second Gulf War


  True
• Key events during the Second Gulf War in chronological order

  1️⃣ US-led coalition launches invasion of Iraq

  2️⃣ Baghdad falls, Saddam Hussein's regime collapses

  3️⃣ President George W. Bush declares "Mission Accomplished"

  4️⃣ Saddam Hussein captured

  5️⃣ Iraqi elections held, new government formed

  6️⃣ US troops withdraw from Iraq, ending the war
• US troops withdrew from Iraq in December 2011.
• After the Second Gulf War, sectarian violence and insurgency erupted in Iraq
• The Gulf Wars exacerbated regional instability, particularly in Iraq
• The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that began in 2010