3.3 Gender and Sexual Orientation

• Gender is a spectrum, and individuals may identify anywhere in between masculine and feminine regardless of their biological sex.

  True
• Biological sex is generally stable from birth, whereas gender can be fluid and change over time.

  True
• Gender stereotypes can lead to prejudice and discrimination.


  True
• What does gender identity refer to?

  Internal sense of gender
• Gender identity is the same as biological sex.

  False
• Gender can change over time, whereas biological sex is stable from birth.


  True
• What term is used for someone attracted to both men and women?

  Bisexual
• Gender roles are universally the same across all cultures.

  False
• Match the characteristic with either gender roles or stereotypes:

  Definition ↔️ Socially constructed expectations ||| Oversimplified beliefs

  Basis ↔️ Cultural norms and traditions ||| Inaccurate assumptions

  Example ↔️ Women should be nurturing caregivers ||| Men are assertive and women are emotional
• Twin studies show that identical twins are more likely to share the same sexual orientation
• What does the term "gender" refer to?

  Socially constructed roles and attributes
• What does "sexual orientation" refer to?

  Enduring emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction
• How does gender differ from biological sex?

  Socially constructed vs biological classification
• Gender roles are shaped by cultural norms
• Gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of being male, female, or another gender
• There are several factors that influence gender identity development
• What is the definition of gender according to the study material?

  Socially constructed roles
• What is the definition of sexual orientation?

  Enduring emotional attraction
• Gender is distinct from biological sex, which is the classification as male, female, or intersex
• What shapes gender roles in society?

  Cultural norms
• Gender identity development is a lifelong process.


  True
• Which hormone, when higher in females, might contribute to same-sex attraction?

  Testosterone
• What factors do biological theories of sexual orientation emphasize?

  Genetic, hormonal, neurological factors
• What research supports biological theories of sexual orientation?

  Twin studies, hormone exposure studies
• The basis of biological sex is chromosomes, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics
• One of the components of sexual orientation is sexual attraction
• Match the component of sexual orientation with its description:

  Romantic Attraction ↔️ Emotional connection and love

  Sexual Attraction ↔️ Feelings of sexual desire

  Behavior ↔️ Related actions and interactions
• What are gender stereotypes?

  Oversimplified beliefs and generalizations
• Arrange the factors influencing gender identity development in order of their primary focus:

  1️⃣ Biological factors

  2️⃣ Social factors

  3️⃣ Psychological factors
• Match the factor influencing gender identity with its description:

  Biological ↔️ Genetic, hormonal, neurological factors

  Social ↔️ Cultural norms, socialization, environment

  Psychological ↔️ Cognitive and emotional processes
• Gender is based on socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes
• Order the components of sexual orientation according to their descriptions:

  1️⃣ Romantic Attraction

  2️⃣ Sexual Attraction

  3️⃣ Behavior
• Match the characteristic with either gender or biological sex:

  Definition ↔️ Socially constructed roles ||| Biological classification

  Basis ↔️ Social and cultural norms ||| Chromosomes and genitalia

  Fluidity ↔️ Can change over time ||| Generally stable from birth
• Gender stereotypes can lead to prejudice and discrimination
• What biological factors are suggested to influence sexual orientation?

  Genetic, hormonal, neurological
• Match the biological factor with its role in sexual orientation:

  Genetic ↔️ Hereditary influences

  Hormonal ↔️ Prenatal exposure affects preference

  Neurological ↔️ Brain structure and function
• Psychological theories suggest that social learning and environmental influences play a significant role in shaping an individual's sexual orientation
• Gender roles are the socially constructed expectations and behaviors considered appropriate based on biological sex
• What role does social learning theory play in shaping sexual orientation according to psychological theories?

  Observation, imitation, reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement from society always contributes to the development of a person's sexual orientation.

  False