1.4.7 Planning and Conducting Research

• What are the four phases of the research process in the correct order?

  1️⃣ Planning

  2️⃣ Conducting Research

  3️⃣ Analysing Data

  4️⃣ Reporting Findings
• The planning phase involves developing a hypothesis and designing a procedure.


  True
• Creating a concise research report is a key action in the reporting findings phase.


  True
• Surveys are an efficient way to collect data from a large sample.
• In purposive sampling, participants are selected based on specific criteria
• The four main phases of the research process

  1️⃣ Planning

  2️⃣ Conducting Research

  3️⃣ Analysing Data

  4️⃣ Reporting Findings
• Match the research phase with its key actions:

  Planning ↔️ Clarify objectives, choose methods

  Conducting Research ↔️ Gather data systematically

  Analysing Data ↔️ Identify patterns, use statistical analysis

  Reporting Findings ↔️ Create concise report, present conclusions
• Match the research method with its advantage:

  Observation ↔️ Detailed, first-hand data

  Experiment ↔️ Establishes cause-and-effect

  Survey ↔️ Efficient for large samples

  Interview ↔️ Provides rich data
• Steps in the data collection procedure

  1️⃣ Pilot testing

  2️⃣ Participant recruitment

  3️⃣ Administration
• Questionnaires are efficient for large samples but may produce biased responses.


  True
• Researchers must ensure the data collection tools and procedures are reliable and valid to produce meaningful data.
• Confidentiality and privacy are essential ethical considerations in research.

  True
• Steps researchers take to ensure ethical research practices:

  1️⃣ Obtain Ethics Review Board approval

  2️⃣ Provide Participant Information Sheet

  3️⃣ Ensure Informed Consent

  4️⃣ Maintain Confidentiality

  5️⃣ Debrief participants
• Aims are broad, overarching goals while objectives are specific, measurable steps to achieve the aims.
• Aims are specific and measurable, whereas objectives are broad and overarching.

  False
• Aims in research studies outline detailed actions, while objectives describe overall goals.

  False
• Order the research methods from least to most time-consuming:

  1️⃣ Survey

  2️⃣ Observation

  3️⃣ Interview
• What is a disadvantage of using surveys in research?

  Responses may be biased
• Match the phase of the research process with its key actions:

  Planning ↔️ Clarify objectives, create detailed plans

  Conducting Research ↔️ Gather data systematically, ensure rights

  Analysing Data ↔️ Identify patterns, use statistical analysis

  Reporting Findings ↔️ Organise data, present conclusions
• Data is gathered during the conducting research phase.
• What are the specific steps taken to achieve research aims called?

  Objectives
• Random sampling ensures that all participants have an equal chance of being chosen.


  True
• A well-designed sample ensures the validity and generalizability of research findings.


  True
• Data collection in research is often conducted through methods such as observation, experiments, surveys, and interviews
• Objectives are the specific, measurable steps taken to achieve research aims
• In random sampling, each participant has an equal chance of being chosen
• A questionnaire is an efficient data collection tool for large samples
• Interview schedules allow for in-depth exploration but can be influenced by interviewer bias.


  True
• Research should minimize physical or psychological harm to participants.
• Researchers must ensure data collection tools are reliable and valid to produce high-quality data.
• What are aims in research studies?

  Broad, overarching goals
• What is an example of an aim in research studies?

  Understand impact of social media
• Observation is efficient for collecting data from large samples.

  False
• Match the research method with its advantage:

  Observation ↔️ Provides detailed first-hand data

  Experiment ↔️ Allows for cause-and-effect relationships

  Survey ↔️ Efficient for large samples

  Interview ↔️ Provides rich, detailed data
• Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups and selects participants randomly from each stratum.


  True
• A questionnaire is efficient for large samples but responses may be biased or incomplete
• In random sampling, participants are selected randomly from the population
• Match the sampling method with its description:

  Random Sampling ↔️ Participants selected randomly

  Stratified Sampling ↔️ Population divided into subgroups

  Convenience Sampling ↔️ Participants based on availability

  Purposive Sampling ↔️ Participants based on specific criteria
• Order the steps in a typical data collection procedure:

  1️⃣ Pilot testing

  2️⃣ Participant recruitment

  3️⃣ Administration

  4️⃣ Recording data
• Ethical considerations in research include informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm, and researcher objectivity