2.3.1 Moral Realism:

• What is the core belief of Moral Realism regarding moral facts and properties?

  They exist independently of beliefs
• What are the two main forms of Moral Realism?

  Classical and Contemporary
• What do moral realists consider as evidence for moral facts?

  Moral intuitions
• Moral progress, such as the abolition of slavery, demonstrates the discovery of moral facts
• The metaphysical objection to moral realism argues that moral facts do not fit into the physical world studied by science
• Match the moral view with its definition:

  Moral Realism ↔️ Moral facts exist independently of beliefs

  Moral Anti-Realism ↔️ Moral facts do not exist independently of beliefs

  Moral Relativism ↔️ Moral facts are relative to culture or individual
• Moral realists believe moral facts are objective, whereas moral anti-realists believe they are subjective
• Who are two key thinkers associated with classical moral realism?

  Plato and Thomas Aquinas
• Examples of actions that align with divine law fall under classical
• Arrange the key arguments of moral realists in a logical sequence:

  1️⃣ Moral intuitions reflect objective moral facts

  2️⃣ Moral disagreement does not negate objective truths

  3️⃣ Moral progress demonstrates discovery of moral facts
• What is the metaphysical objection to moral realism?

  Moral facts are non-natural
• Moral realism posits that moral facts are objective, meaning they exist independently of human beliefs
• Moral realism is based on the intuition that some moral claims, like "Causing unnecessary suffering is wrong," are objectively true.


  True
• Match the form of Moral Realism with its basis:

  Classical Moral Realism ↔️ Objective standard or divine command

  Contemporary Moral Realism ↔️ Reason, empirical observation, shared consensus
• Moral disagreements invalidate the existence of objective moral truths according to moral realists.

  False
• What are three key beliefs of moral realists regarding moral facts?

  Objective, discoverable, mind-independent
• Why does widespread moral disagreement pose a challenge for moral realism?

  If moral facts are objective, why disagreement?
• What example do moral realists use to illustrate an objectively true moral claim?

  Causing unnecessary suffering is wrong
• Match the form of moral realism with its key concept:

  Classical Moral Realism ↔️ Moral facts grounded in divine command

  Contemporary Moral Realism ↔️ Moral facts identified through reason
• What is the key difference between classical and contemporary moral realism?

  Universal standard vs empirical study
• Moral realists argue that moral intuitions provide evidence of objective moral facts.


  True
• The abolition of slavery is cited by moral realists as an example of moral progress
• The epistemological objection to moral realism states that moral facts are difficult to know with the same certainty as scientific facts
• Match the meta-ethical theories with their key beliefs about moral facts:

  Moral Realism ↔️ Moral facts exist independently

  Moral Anti-Realism ↔️ Moral values are based on emotions

  Moral Relativism ↔️ Moral facts depend on culture
• Moral realists believe that moral facts exist independently of human beliefs
• Steps in the discovery of moral facts according to Moral Realism

  1️⃣ Moral intuition

  2️⃣ Reason and experience

  3️⃣ Moral progress
• What is the epistemological objection to moral realism?

  Moral facts are hard to know
• Moral realism holds that moral facts depend on individual beliefs.

  False
• What do moral anti-realists believe about moral statements?

  They cannot be objectively true or false
• Classical moral realism allows for empirical observation to determine moral facts.

  False
• Classical moral realism grounds moral facts in an objective standard or divine command, making them universal and absolute.


  True
• How do moral realists respond to the challenge of moral disagreement?

  Moral progress
• What do moral realists believe about moral disagreement?

  It does not negate objective moral facts
• Moral realists struggle to explain how we can reliably access objective moral truths.


  True
• What is the basis for moral claims in moral realism?

  Discoverable facts