11.3.1 Experiments

• An experiment in psychology is designed to test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships
• In an experiment, the control group receives no treatment
• Match the experimental design with its description:

  Independent Measures ↔️ Each participant is tested in only one condition

  Repeated Measures ↔️ Each participant is tested in all conditions

  Matched Pairs ↔️ Participants are matched on key characteristics
• Steps to conduct an experiment in psychology

  1️⃣ Form a hypothesis

  2️⃣ Manipulate the independent variable

  3️⃣ Measure the dependent variable

  4️⃣ Analyze the data

  5️⃣ Draw a conclusion
• The control group does not receive the treatment, while the experimental group receives the manipulation
• The goal of an experiment is to determine if changes in the IV cause changes in the DV.


  True
• The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher manipulates
• Match the method to control extraneous variables with its description:

  Random Assignment ↔️ Participants randomly assigned to groups

  Standardization ↔️ All participants receive same procedures

  Counterbalancing ↔️ Different condition orders for participants

  Blinding ↔️ Participants unaware of group assignment
• What is the purpose of random assignment in an experiment?

  Distributes participants equally
• The control group in an experiment receives the treatment or manipulation

  False
• In a repeated measures design, each participant is tested in all conditions


  True
• The control group is the group that does not receive the treatment
• In random sampling, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
• Convenience sampling is quick and easy to implement but may be highly biased.


  True
• The dependent variable is the factor that is measured to see if it is affected by the IV
• Repeated measures design involves testing the same participants under all conditions.


  True
• The dependent variable (DV) is the factor that is measured to see if it is affected by the IV
• Blinding reduces participant bias by keeping them unaware of their group assignment.


  True
• A confounding variable varies systematically with the independent variable.

  True
• Standardization enhances reliability by minimizing procedural variability.


  True
• Match the data collection technique with its description:

  Observations ↔️ Systematically recording behaviors

  Surveys/Questionnaires ↔️ Asking participants to self-report

  Tests/Assessments ↔️ Evaluating participant performance
• Valid data accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
• Test-retest reliability is used to assess the consistency of experimental results.
• What is the independent variable (IV) in an experiment?

  The factor manipulated by the researcher
• What is the independent measures design in psychology?

  Each participant is tested in only one condition
• What is the dependent variable (DV) in an experiment?

  The factor measured to see if it is affected by the IV
• What is the role of the experimental group in an experiment?

  Receives the treatment or manipulation
• The goal of an experiment is to determine if changes in the IV cause changes in the DV

  True
• Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups called strata
• Match the experimental component with its role in an experiment:

  Independent Variable ↔️ Factor manipulated by researcher

  Dependent Variable ↔️ Factor measured to see effect

  Control Group ↔️ Group without treatment

  Experimental Group ↔️ Group receiving treatment
• In independent measures design, each participant is tested in only one condition
• The control group in an experiment does not receive the treatment or manipulation.

  True
• A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV
• Extraneous variables are factors other than the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable.
• Random assignment reduces bias by balancing participant characteristics across groups.
• Blinding in experiments reduces participant bias by keeping them unaware of their group assignment.
• What does internal validity ensure in an experiment?

  Causal relationship
• Name one method to control extraneous variables in experimental research.

  Random assignment
• What does counterbalancing control in an experiment?

  Order effects
• Which statistical test compares the means of two groups?

  t-test