2.2 Bilingualism and Multilingualism

• Multilingualism describes the capacity to use three or more languages proficiently
• How many languages are involved in multilingualism?

  Three or more
• Multilingual proficiency can lead to increased earning potential.


  True
• What cognitive benefit results from switching between languages?

  Enhanced multitasking
• What cognitive benefit does bilingualism or multilingualism provide in terms of flexibility?

  Greater cognitive flexibility
• Bilingualism and multilingualism develop greater executive control and mental agility
• Match the bilingual or multilingual community with the languages used:

  Singapore ↔️ English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay, Tamil

  Hong Kong ↔️ Cantonese, English, Mandarin Chinese

  Catalonia, Spain ↔️ Catalan, Spanish

  Brussels, Belgium ↔️ Dutch, French, German
• Multilingualism involves fluency in three or more languages
• Match the cognitive benefit with its description:

  Improved Problem-Solving ↔️ Enhanced cognitive flexibility

  Enhanced Multitasking ↔️ Better at task-switching

  Increased Creativity ↔️ Stimulates divergent thinking
• Bilingual individuals may feel isolated if one language is dominant in their environment
• Constant practice of switching languages enhances the ability to multitask
• Enhanced language skills foster better communication and understanding within diverse communities
• Bilingualism and multilingualism foster cross-cultural understanding and economic opportunities.


  True
• Mnemonic devices are useful for remembering vocabulary.

  True
• Metacognitive strategies help learners understand the similarities and differences between languages
• What is one cognitive strategy for bilingual learners to remember vocabulary?

  Word associations
• What is bilingualism defined as?

  Ability to speak two languages
• Bilingualism provides improved communication and cognitive benefits.


  True
• What cultural benefit do bilingual and multilingual individuals gain?

  Greater cultural understanding
• What cultural benefit does multilingualism provide in a globalized world?

  Enhanced empathy
• Why might bilingual or multilingual individuals feel socially excluded?

  Dominant language environment
• Bilingualism and multilingualism develop greater executive control and mental agility
• What is a cognitive challenge faced by bilingual and multilingual individuals?

  Increased mental effort
• Match the cognitive benefit with its description:

  Improved Problem-Solving ↔️ Enhanced cognitive flexibility

  Enhanced Multitasking ↔️ Better at task-switching

  Increased Creativity ↔️ Stimulates divergent thinking
• Multilingualism contributes to a richer and more inclusive societal landscape.

  True
• What is the defining characteristic of bilingualism?

  Fluency in two languages
• What is a cognitive challenge that bilingual and multilingual individuals face due to managing multiple languages?

  Cognitive load
• What is one cognitive benefit of bilingualism related to problem-solving?

  Cognitive flexibility
• How does bilingualism influence cultural identity?

  Hybrid identity
• In Montreal, Canada, the primary languages used are English and French
• To keep languages active, bilingual learners should regularly practice speaking, reading, and writing
• What is the goal of metacognitive strategies in language learning?

  Develop language awareness
• Bilingual learners should monitor and adjust their language use based on the audience and context.


  True
• Match the language proficiency level with its definition:

  Bilingualism ↔️ Fluent in two languages

  Multilingualism ↔️ Fluent in three or more languages
• Bilingualism and multilingualism enhance cognitive flexibility, which improves problem-solving and multitasking abilities
• Bilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit improved problem-solving skills, enhanced multitasking abilities, and increased creativity
• Interference occurs when languages mix up, causing grammatical errors
• Bilingual and multilingual proficiency opens up wider job opportunities
• Maintaining fluency in multiple languages requires significant time and effort.


  True
• How does bilingualism or multilingualism affect cultural identity?

  Forms a hybrid identity