1.4.2 Morality

• What are the three primary grounds for non-religious morality?

  Reason, empathy, human wellbeing
• Non-religious morality focuses on promoting human flourishing in this life
• Non-religious morality is grounded in ethical principles and values that guide human behavior based on reason
• Key principles of Natural Law Theory

  1️⃣ Objective Moral Truths

  2️⃣ Universal Applicability

  3️⃣ Teleological Ethics

  4️⃣ Practical Reason
• Secular ethics grounds morality in reason, empathy, and concern for human wellbeing
• What is the primary goal of secular ethics regarding human wellbeing?

  Flourishing and welfare
• What are three key principles of secular ethics?

  Reason, empathy, flexibility
• In non-religious morality, ethical principles are often based on divine commandments.

  False
• Religious morality focuses on obedience to God and the afterlife
• What are three key principles of Natural Law Theory?

  Objective moral truths, universal applicability, teleological ethics
• Ethical Humanism focuses on promoting human wellbeing in this life
• Ethical humanism is based on a naturalistic and humanistic source
• What are the two key principles of Kantian Deontology?

  Duty and reason
• Kantian Deontology emphasizes respect for persons, treating individuals as ends in themselves, not as means
• Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of actions based on their consequences and the happiness they produce.


  True
• What are the three primary foundations of non-religious morality?

  Reason, empathy, human wellbeing
• Non-religious morality is based on divine commandments and sacred texts.

  False
• Non-religious morality is often more rigid and unchanging than religious morality.

  False
• Non-religious morality emphasizes the consequences of actions for human welfare.


  True
• Natural Law Theory shares the same basis as religious morality.

  False
• Secular ethics is based on divine commands and sacred texts.

  False
• Secular ethics grounds morality in divine commands or sacred texts.

  False
• Match the principle of secular ethics with its description:

  Reason and Empathy ↔️ Ethics are based on rational deliberation and compassion for others

  Human Wellbeing ↔️ The goal is to promote the flourishing and welfare of all people

  Flexibility and Evolution ↔️ Ethical principles can adapt as society changes
• What are three key aspects that distinguish religious and non-religious morality?

  Basis, source, focus
• What does the non-religious approach to morality emphasize about humans?

  Inherent worth and dignity
• Match the aspect of morality with its religious or Natural Law Theory characteristic:

  Basis in Religious Morality ↔️ Divine commands, sacred texts

  Basis in Natural Law Theory ↔️ Reason, human nature

  Justification in Religious Morality ↔️ Faith, revelation

  Justification in Natural Law Theory ↔️ Philosophical arguments
• In secular ethics, ethical principles are unchanging and rigid.

  False
• Steps of Kantian Deontology: Categorical Imperative

  1️⃣ Universalizability: Can the maxim apply to everyone?

  2️⃣ Humanity as an End: Treat humans as ends, not means

  3️⃣ Autonomy: Act according to your own rational will
• Religious morality is justified by faith and revelation
• The categorical imperative in Kantian Deontology states that one must act according to maxims that can become universal laws
• Kantian Deontology emphasizes moral obligations inherent in rational beings, regardless of religious beliefs.

  True
• Utilitarianism is grounded in consequences and happiness
• Non-religious morality is grounded in a naturalistic and humanistic source
• What are the two key principles of Natural Law Theory?

  Reason and human nature
• What are the foundational principles of secular ethics?

  Reason, empathy, wellbeing
• What is a key difference between ethical humanism and religious morality?

  Focus on this life
• What is the Categorical Imperative in Kantian deontology?

  Universalizable moral laws
• Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of actions based on their consequences
• Virtue ethics aims to develop moral character and practical wisdom, rather than divine commands or maximizing utility.


  True
• Match the aspect with its description in religious and non-religious morality:

  Basis in religious morality ↔️ Divine commands, sacred texts

  Basis in non-religious morality ↔️ Reason, empathy, human wellbeing

  Source of religious morality ↔️ Supernatural, transcendent

  Source of non-religious morality ↔️ Naturalistic, humanistic