1.1.3 Memory as an Active Process

• Short-term memory can hold information indefinitely without rehearsal.

  False
• The capacity of short-term memory is typically 7 ± 2 items.

  True
• Information in sensory memory can be stored directly into long-term memory without passing through short-term memory.

  False
• Long-term memory stores information indefinitely without any decay.

  False
• What are the three main components of the basic structure of memory?

  Sensory, short-term, long-term
• What is the primary difference between short-term and long-term memory in terms of capacity?

  Long-term memory is vast
• Into what two categories is long-term memory divided?

  Explicit and implicit
• How long does short-term memory typically hold information?

  About 30 seconds
• Stages of the active memory process

  1️⃣ Encoding

  2️⃣ Storage

  3️⃣ Retrieval
• Attention is necessary for transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory.


  True
• Sensory memory briefly holds sensory information before it is lost if not attended to.


  True
• Short-term memory holds information for around 20-30 seconds
• Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information when needed.

  True
• The duration of information in working memory depends on active processing
• Rehearsal is the process of repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory
• Organizational strategies help structure information for better encoding and retrieval.


  True
• Match the type of sensory memory with its corresponding sense:

  Iconic Memory ↔️ Visual

  Echoic Memory ↔️ Auditory
• Attention selects relevant sensory information for encoding.

  True
• What is proactive interference?

  Older information hinders new learning
• Context, state, and mood are conditions that influence encoding specificity
• Information in sensory memory is automatically transferred to short-term memory.

  False
• Maintaining encoded information over time is called storage
• Effective attention prevents cognitive overload by filtering out irrelevant stimuli.

  True
• Chunking is an organizational strategy that involves grouping items to improve encoding
• Retrieval cues are crucial for accessing information from long-term memory.


  True
• What are the two types of interference that affect memory retrieval?

  Proactive and Retroactive
• Which process is considered active and which is passive in affecting memory?

  Interference is active, decay is passive
• Matching mood during encoding and retrieval enhances memory recall according to encoding specificity.


  True
• Remembering a childhood event is an example of explicit memory.


  True
• Chunking involves grouping information into smaller, more manageable units for encoding and retrieval.

  True
• Sensory memory holds information briefly from the senses
• Iconic memory refers specifically to visual information
• Echoic memory briefly holds auditory information
• Information flows from sensory memory to STM if attention is paid
• Encoding involves converting information into a form that can be stored
• If sensory information is not attended to, it will decay and be lost
• Iconic memory is for visual information, while echoic memory is for auditory information
• The three memory stores work together to process and retain information
• Working memory is a component of short-term memory
• Working memory is crucial for tasks such as reasoning and decision-making.


  True