1.1.1 Processes of Memory

• Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory
• What does semantic encoding focus on?

  Meaning and significance
• What are the three main types of memory storage?

  Sensory, short-term, long-term
• How is information stored in long-term memory?

  Semantically based on meaning
• What type of interference occurs when old information interferes with new information?

  Proactive interference
• Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with old information.


  True
• Match the type of encoding with its description:

  Visual ↔️ Based on visual appearance

  Acoustic ↔️ Based on sound or pronunciation

  Semantic ↔️ Based on meaning or significance
• Match the memory storage type with its characteristics:

  Sensory Memory ↔️ Unlimited capacity, < 1 second duration

  Short-Term Memory ↔️ 7 ± 2 items capacity, 15-30 seconds duration

  Long-Term Memory ↔️ Unlimited capacity, lifetime duration
• Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information and bringing it into conscious awareness.
• Order the steps in the process of interference theory:

  1️⃣ Encoding of information

  2️⃣ Interference from similar information

  3️⃣ Difficulty recalling original information
• Visual encoding involves processing information based on its sound or pronunciation

  False
• Effective encoding is crucial for memory formation because it determines how information is stored and can later be retrieved
• Sensory memory stores information from the senses for less than one second
• Effective retrieval often relies on how well the information was initially encoded and stored
• Retrieval failure occurs when we cannot access stored information due to a lack of effective retrieval cues
• What causes retrieval failure?

  Lack of retrieval cues
• Effective encoding is crucial for memory formation.


  True
• Order the steps involved in transferring information to long-term memory:

  1️⃣ Effective encoding

  2️⃣ Choice of appropriate encoding type

  3️⃣ Transfer to long-term memory
• Cues such as context can aid the retrieval process.

  True
• Retrieval failure can occur due to a lack of effective retrieval cues.

  True
• Acoustic encoding involves processing information based on its sound or pronunciation
• The type of encoding used has no influence on the strength and durability of the memory trace

  False
• Short-term memory has unlimited capacity and can store information indefinitely

  False
• Forgetting is solely caused by retrieval failure

  False
• In proactive interference, old information interferes with new information.
• Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
• There are three main types of memory storage: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
• Long-term memory stores information semantically based on meaning.

  True
• Forgetting is the loss of information from memory.