1.3.4 Empiricist responses to the intuition and deduction thesis:

• What is the process of deriving new knowledge from existing knowledge using logical rules called?

  Deduction
• Empiricism contrasts with rationalism, which believes knowledge comes from reason
• Steps in deriving new knowledge through deduction:

  1️⃣ Begin with existing knowledge

  2️⃣ Apply logical rules

  3️⃣ Derive new conclusions
• Empiricists argue that intuition is subjective and varies between individuals.


  True
• What is an example of a self-evident truth that intuition can grasp directly?

  Principle of non-contradiction
• What is an example of deduction in geometry?

  Proving theorems
• Empiricism holds sensory experience as the primary source of knowledge


  True
• What is the primary source of knowledge according to empiricism?

  Sensory experience
• Order the key differences between empiricism and rationalism:

  1️⃣ Knowledge source: Sensory experience vs. Reason

  2️⃣ Learning method: Observation and experimentation vs. Deduction and logical reasoning

  3️⃣ Nature of truth: Based on empirical evidence vs. Based on self-evident principles
• Intuition is based on observation through the senses

  False
• Empiricists believe all knowledge must be derived from sensory experience


  True
• What is an empiricist alternative to intuition and deduction?

  Observation and experimentation
• Empiricists believe that knowledge should be based on systematic observation and controlled experiments
• Empiricists propose empirical alternatives to the intuition and deduction thesis
• Empiricists view their approach to knowledge as objective and verifiable
• The empiricist method of learning involves observation, experimentation, and induction
• The ability to grasp basic, self-evident truths directly without evidence is called intuition
• Empiricism holds sensory experience as the primary source of knowledge.


  True
• Match the concept with its description in empiricism:

  Knowledge Source ↔️ Sensory experience

  Learning Method ↔️ Observation and experimentation
• Intuition is based on immediate understanding, whereas sensory experience relies on observation
• What do empiricists believe is a more reliable basis for knowledge than intuition?

  Sensory experience
• Intuition is the ability to grasp basic, self-evident truths directly without the need for evidence or proof
• Deduction is the process of deriving new knowledge from existing knowledge using logical rules
• Match the concept with its description:

  Intuition ↔️ Direct grasp of self-evident truths

  Deduction ↔️ Derivation of new knowledge from existing knowledge
• Empiricism contrasts with rationalism, which believes knowledge can be derived through reason
• Empiricists argue that all knowledge ultimately stems from sensory input
• Why do empiricists consider intuition unreliable?

  It is subjective
• Empiricists argue that sensory experience provides a consistent and verifiable basis for knowledge
• Why do empiricists criticize deduction?

  It relies on premises
• Empiricists believe deduction creates new knowledge from sensory experience

  False
• Match the empiricist concept with its description:

  Observation ↔️ Systematic study of the natural world

  Induction ↔️ Drawing general conclusions from specific observations
• Empiricists use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions from specific observations.


  True
• Intuition and deduction are key learning methods for empiricists.

  False
• Empiricists believe sensory experience is the primary source of all knowledge
• What does the intuition and deduction thesis posit about the source of knowledge?

  Knowledge through reason alone
• Match the concept with its description:

  Intuition ↔️ Direct grasp of self-evident truths

  Deduction ↔️ Derivation of new knowledge
• Which philosophical school supports the intuition and deduction thesis?

  Rationalism
• Why do empiricists criticize intuition as a source of knowledge?

  Lacks empirical support
• Match the feature with its characteristic:

  Intuition ↔️ Immediate understanding

  Sensory Experience ↔️ Observation through senses
• The intuition and deduction thesis posits that knowledge can be acquired through reason