5.5.2 Cosmology

• The age of the universe is estimated to be around 13.8 billion years.
• The cosmic microwave background radiation is uniform across the universe.


  True
• The cosmic microwave background is believed to be the remnant of the early, hot universe.
• Arrange the following evidence for the Big Bang theory in order of their discovery:

  1️⃣ Expansion of the Universe

  2️⃣ Cosmic Microwave Background

  3️⃣ Abundance of Light Elements
• The age of the universe is determined solely by measuring the expansion rate.

  False
• What is the best explanation for the origin and evolution of the observable universe?

  Big Bang theory
• What is the Cosmic Microwave Background believed to be the remnant of?

  Early, hot universe
• The composition of the universe includes normal matter, dark matter, and dark energy
• What is the formula for Hubble's law?

  v = H_{0} d</latex>
• What is the primary focus of cosmology as a field of study?

  Origin, evolution, structure of the universe
• What are the two primary components of the universe's composition?

  Dark matter and dark energy
• Match the cosmological term with its definition:

  Big Bang ↔️ Origin of the universe

  Cosmic Microwave Background ↔️ Remnant of early universe

  Dark Matter ↔️ Invisible mass affecting gravity

  Expansion of the Universe ↔️ Galaxies moving away from each other
• Which light elements were produced in abundance during the early universe according to the Big Bang theory?

  Hydrogen, helium, lithium
• What discovery was a major confirmation of the Big Bang model?

  Cosmic Microwave Background
• What is the estimated age of the universe according to the Big Bang theory?

  13.8 billion years
• The Big Bang theory is supported by several key pieces of evidence.


  True
• The abundance of light elements is a key prediction of the Big Bang theory.


  True
• Match the component with its role in the universe:

  Normal Matter ↔️ Slows expansion via gravity

  Dark Matter ↔️ Enhances gravitational attraction

  Dark Energy ↔️ Accelerates universe expansion
• Redshift is the phenomenon where light from distant galaxies is stretched towards the red end of the spectrum
• Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, and structure of the universe
• The cosmic microwave background radiation is believed to be the remnant of the early, hot universe
• The Big Bang proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state
• The cosmic microwave background is the uniform radiation believed to be the remnant of the early, hot universe
• Hubble's Law states that $v =$$H_{0} d$, where $H_{0}$ is the Hubble constant
• Normal matter accounts for approximately 5% of the universe's composition.
• What are galaxy clusters bound together by?

  Gravity
• What provides the gravitational scaffolding for galaxy formation in the cosmic web?

  Dark matter
• Match the cosmic component with its role in the universe.

  Dark Matter ↔️ Forms scaffolding for galaxies

  Dark Energy ↔️ Drives accelerated expansion
• Supernova observations and Hubble's Law support the existence of dark energy
• The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state.

  True
• Arrange the following cosmological concepts in a logical order from the beginning of the universe to the present day:

  1️⃣ Big Bang

  2️⃣ Expansion of the universe

  3️⃣ Formation of galaxies

  4️⃣ Discovery of CMB
• What observation supports the expansion of the universe in the Big Bang theory?

  Galaxies moving away from each other
• The Big Bang theory is universally accepted without any supporting evidence.

  False
• The production of light elements in the early universe is called primordial nucleosynthesis.
• Match the key aspect of the Big Bang theory with its description:

  Expansion of the Universe ↔️ Galaxies moving away from each other

  Cosmic Microwave Background ↔️ Remnant of early, hot universe

  Abundance of Light Elements ↔️ Consistent with early universe processes
• The expansion of the universe suggests it started from an initial hot, dense state
• What is the estimated age of the universe?

  13.8 billion years
• Arrange the structures in the universe by increasing size:

  1️⃣ Galaxy Clusters

  2️⃣ Superclusters

  3️⃣ Cosmic Web
• What is the approximate value of the Hubble constant?

  70 km/s/Mpc
• What does the Big Bang theory propose about the universe's origin?

  Extremely hot, dense state