Electrophilic substitution occurs on aromatic rings.
What type of species is involved in electrophilic substitution?
Electrophiles
Electrophilic substitution is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes.
True
During oxidation, the oxidation state of a substance increases.
During reduction, the oxidation state of a substance decreases.
In electrophilic substitution, the electrophile attacks the aromatic ring, forming a positively charged intermediate
Match the reaction type with its key steps:
Electrophilic Substitution ↔️ - Electrophilic attack on aromatic ring<br>- Formation of positively charged intermediate<br>- Release of H⁺ to regain aromaticity
Nucleophilic Substitution ↔️ - Nucleophilic attack on carbon<br>- Displacement of leaving group
Match the process with its example:
Oxidation ↔️ Corrosion of metals
Reduction ↔️ Photosynthesis
Aldehydes are more reactive with amines than ketones due to their linear spatial configuration.
True
In the reaction between amines and alkyl halides, the amine acts as a nucleophile
What are the products formed when methylamine reacts with ethyl bromide?
Dimethylamine
What happens when an amine reacts with an acid?
Forms a salt
Match the property of amines and their salts:
State of amines ↔️ Liquid or solid
State of salts ↔️ Crystalline solid
Solubility of amines in water ↔️ Slightly soluble
Solubility of salts in water ↔️ Highly soluble
An electrophile attacks the aromatic ring in electrophilic substitution.
True
The corrosion of metals is an example of oxidation.
True
Photosynthesis is an example of reduction.
True
The release of a proton (H⁺) in electrophilic substitution is necessary to regain aromaticity.
True
Oxidation reactions involve the loss of electrons
What type of reaction occurs when amines react with aldehydes or ketones?
Condensation
Order the steps of the condensation reaction between ethylamine and acetaldehyde:
1️⃣ Ethylamine reacts with acetaldehyde
2️⃣ A water molecule is eliminated
3️⃣ Ethylideneethylamine is formed
Match the amine type with its reactivity and product:
Primary Amine ↔️ Most reactive, forms secondary amine
Secondary Amine ↔️ Moderately reactive, forms tertiary amine
Tertiary Amine ↔️ Least reactive, no further substitution
When an amine reacts with an acid, it accepts a proton
What is the key feature of electrophilic substitution in amines?
Replaces a hydrogen atom
Steps in electrophilic substitution:
1️⃣ Electrophilic attack on aromatic ring
2️⃣ Formation of positively charged intermediate
3️⃣ Release of H⁺ to regain aromaticity
Electrophilic substitution reactions use aromatic rings as substrates.
What happens to electrons during oxidation reactions?
They are lost
What happens to electrons during reduction reactions?
They are gained
What type of species replaces a hydrogen atom in electrophilic substitution?
Electrophile
What type of species attacks a carbon in nucleophilic substitution?
Nucleophile
Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons, while reduction is defined as the gain of electrons.
True
The condensation reaction between amines and aldehydes/ketones forms imines
What type of reaction occurs when amines react with alkyl halides?
Nucleophilic substitution
Alkylation of amines is a key method for synthesizing more complex amine compounds.