REDUCES EWT ACCURACY

• WHO DID THE STUDIES THAT SUGGEST ANXIETY REDUCES EWT ACCURACY?

  • Loftus and Burns
  • Johnson and Scott
• WHAT RESEARCH METHOD WAS LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  laboratory experiment
• WHAT DESIGN WAS LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  independent groups
• WHAT WAS THE SAMPLE OF LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  226 participants
• HOW MANY PARTICIPANTS SAW THE VIOLENT VIDEO IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  115
• HOW MANY PARTICIPANTS SAW THE NON-VIOLENT VIDEO IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  111
• WHAT DID PARTICIPANTS DO IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  watch a bank robbery film (violent or non-violent ending)
• WHAT WAS SHOWN IN THE VIOLENT CONDITION OF LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  boy getting shot
• WHAT WAS SHOWN IN THE NON-VIOLENT CONDITON OF LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  manager addressing situation
• WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE PARTICIPANTS WATCHED THE BANK ROBBERY FILM IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  immediately answered 25 questions about what they saw (last question was critical)
• WHAT WAS THE CRITICAL QUESTION IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  number on the football jersey of one boy (playing in car park where robber ran to)
• WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PARTICIPANTS CORRECTLY RECALLED THE JERSEY NUMBER IN VIOLENT CONDITIONS IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  4%
• WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PARTICIPANTS CORRECTLY RECALLED THE JERSEY NUMBER IN NON-VIOLENT CONDITIONS IN LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  28%
• WHAT OCCURED IN THE REPLICATION OF LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  same effect was found (participants were given 4 possible options on number)
• WHAT RESEARCH METHOD WAS USED IN JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT?

  laboratory experiment
• WHAT DESIGN WAS USED IN JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT?

  independent groups
• WHAT WAS THE NON-VIOLENT CONDITION OF JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT?

  overheard conversation about equipment failure then saw someone walk out with an inky pen
• WHAT WAS THE VIOLENT CONDITION IN JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT?

  heard a heated argument then saw someone walk out with a bloody letter opener
• WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE IN THE NON-VIOLENT CONDITIONS IN JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT CORRECTLY IDENTIFIED THE TARGET?

  49%
• WHAT PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE IN THE VIOLENT CONDITIONS IN JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT CORRECTLY IDENTIFIED THE TARGET?

  33%
• WHAT IS WEAPON FOCUS?

  when a witness concentrates on a weapon in a crime which has a negative effect on recall of crime-related details due to heightened anxiety
• ISSUES WITH LOFTUS AND BURNS EXPERIMENT?

  • artificial environment
  • watching videos lacks mundane realism
  • does not generate same anxiety as real robbery
  • lacks ecological validity and therefore should not be a creditworthy argument
• ISSUES WITH JOHNSON AND SCOTT'S EXPERIMENT?

  • participants knew they were waiting for an experiment
  • knew their identification would not impact a real criminal investigation
• WHAT DID THE ISSUES WITH LOFTUS AND BURNS, AND JOHNSON AND SCOTTS EXPERIMENT SUGGEST ABOUT ANXIETY AND EWT?

  • weapon focus effect may not happen in real crimes (supported by Valentine et al)
  • witnesses in real crimes more fearful for life (adrenaline production) making them more alert to crime details
  • and more likely to be motivated to correctly identify criminal in real crime due to consequences
• WHO SUPPORTED THE POSSIBILITY THAT WEAPON FOCUS EFFECT MAY NOT OCCUR IN REAL LIFE?

  Valentine et al
• WHAT DID VALENTINE et al DISCOVER?

  presence of a weapon had no effect on the likelihood of an eyewitness identifying the suspect in over 300 real line ups