Internal class factors

• Ray Rist(1970):


  Teachers used info about home background and appearance to label students.

  'Good' kids were put at the front desk called the tigers.

  'Bad' kids were put at the back table called clowns.
• Howard Becker(1971): 


  Interviewed 60 Chicago high school students.

  Found that teachers have an ideal student trope - Judged kids based on how close they were to the trope based on work, appearance and conduct.
• Dunne and Gazeley(2008): 


  Teachers normalise underachievement from working class students., but believed they could help underachieving middle class students.

  The teachers belief in the kids background influenced this - Working class parents were less supportive than middle class parents.
• Rosenthal and Jacobson:


  Self fulfilling prophecy.

  Pygmalion effect - labelled students and tested the outcome post labelling.
• Collin Lacey: 


  Pro subcultures - High set, middle class, same values as the school.

  Anti subcultures - Concerned about gaining status away from education.

  Differentiation - process of teachers categorising students depending on their grades and how they behave etc...

  Polarisation - Response to categorising. Depending on where you were put you are polarised to either pro or anti subcultures.
• Peter Woods:


  4 subcultural responses

  1. Ingratiation - Teacher's pet/middle class
  2. Ritualist - going through the motions and staying out of trouble/working + middle class.
  3. Retreatist - Daydreaming and mucking around/middle class.
  4. Rebel - outright rejection of school rules (minority)/ Working class.
• John Furlong:


  Most students are not committed to one particular subculture response. They behave differently for different teachers and lessons regardless of social class.
• Stephen Ball:


  When streaming was abolished anti-school subcultures began to disappear but teacher labelling still took place.
• Hargreaves:


  Secondary modern

  Boys were triple failures - they seek each other out and form anti-school subcultures.