4.1.2 Antibiotic Resistance

• What is antibiotic resistance?

  The ability of bacteria to survive and multiply when exposed to antibiotics
• Bacteria can adapt metabolically to neutralize antibiotics.


  True
• Primary mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

  1️⃣ Mutation

  2️⃣ Gene Transfer

  3️⃣ Adaptation

  4️⃣ Efflux Pumps
• Match the mechanism with its description:

  Mutation ↔️ Random genetic changes that reduce antibiotic effectiveness

  Gene Transfer ↔️ Bacteria sharing resistance genes

  Adaptation ↔️ Metabolic adjustments to neutralize antibiotics

  Efflux Pumps ↔️ Removing antibiotics from bacterial cells
• Selective pressure from antibiotics favors bacteria with resistance genes.

  True
• Continuous exposure to penicillin can lead to the production of β-lactamase.


  True
• What enzyme is produced by bacteria exposed to penicillin that degrades it?

  β-lactamase
• What happens to antibiotic-sensitive bacteria when exposed to antibiotics?

  Killed or inhibited
• Efflux pumps remove antibiotics from cells to reduce their effectiveness.


  True
• What role does natural selection play in antibiotic resistance?

  Favors resistant bacteria
• What is one consequence of antibiotic resistance on medical treatment?

  Reduced treatment effectiveness
• How can antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread between individuals?

  Through outbreaks
• Bacteria can develop resistance through random genetic changes called mutations
• Match the characteristic with the correct type of bacteria:

  Antibiotic-Sensitive Bacteria ↔️ Killed or inhibited by antibiotics

  Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria ↔️ Survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics
• A mutation might alter the antibiotic's target protein
• What is an example of metabolic adaptation in bacteria to neutralize antibiotics?

  Producing enzymes that degrade antibiotics
• What is an example of antibiotic resistance that resulted from natural selection?

  Penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
• What type of evidence supports antibiotic resistance development?

  Clinical and experimental
• Clinical studies show increased antibiotic resistance with antibiotic usage.


  True
• Antibiotic-resistant bacteria possess mutations or resistance genes to neutralize antibiotics
• What are the three methods of gene transfer that share antibiotic resistance genes?

  Plasmids, bacteriophages, conjugation
• What clinical study showed the correlation between antibiotic use and MRSA infections?

  Hospitals using more antibiotics
• Treating antibiotic-resistant infections often requires more expensive or intravenous antibiotics
• How do bacteria share antibiotic resistance genes?

  Via plasmids or bacteriophages
• Why is the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increasing?

  Selective pressure from antibiotic use
• What are the three main methods of gene transfer in bacteria?

  Plasmids, bacteriophages, conjugation
• Efflux pumps prevent antibiotics from reaching their target
• What does a clinical study on MRSA infections suggest about antibiotic use?

  Increased antibiotic use leads to higher MRSA rates
• A study on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) found that hospitals using more antibiotics had higher rates of MRSA
• Match the mechanism of antibiotic resistance with its description:

  Mutation ↔️ Random genetic changes

  Gene Transfer ↔️ Sharing resistance genes

  Adaptation ↔️ Metabolic neutralization
• What is the prevalence of antibiotic-sensitive bacteria with increasing antibiotic use?

  Decreasing
• When antibiotics are used, they create selective pressure
• Continuous exposure to penicillin can result in strains producing β-lactamase.


  True