9.4 Heat and Energy Transfer

• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.


  True
• Thermal equilibrium is consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics.


  True
• Match the substance with its specific heat:

  Water ↔️ 4186 J/kg°C

  Aluminum ↔️ 900 J/kg°C

  Air ↔️ 1005 J/kg°C
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy increases in a closed system as it moves towards thermal equilibrium
• Thermal equilibrium involves no net heat transfer between objects.


  True
• In conduction, heat flows from hotter to colder regions due to the vibrations of atoms
• What type of electromagnetic waves are involved in radiation?

  Infrared
• What is heat defined as?

  Transfer of thermal energy
• Thermal equilibrium is consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics.


  True
• Thermal equilibrium ensures no net energy transfer occurs within a system.

  True
• The heat capacity of a substance is directly proportional to its specific heat
• Water has the highest specific heat among the substances listed.


  True
• Conduction requires a medium for heat transfer.


  True
• Touching a hot stovetop is an example of heat transfer by conduction
• Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves without needing a medium.
• The equation Q = ΔU + W represents the First Law of Thermodynamics
• Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two objects or systems due to a temperature difference
• Thermal equilibrium occurs when two or more objects or systems reach the same temperature
• The formula to calculate heat required to change the temperature of a substance is Q = mcΔT
• Heat can be stored in an object indefinitely.

  False
• Thermal equilibrium occurs when two or more objects or systems reach the same temperature
• What is the formula to calculate heat required to change the temperature of a substance?

  Q = mcΔT
• Match the method of heat transfer with its mechanism:

  Conduction ↔️ Vibration of atoms/molecules

  Convection ↔️ Bulk motion of fluid

  Radiation ↔️ Electromagnetic waves
• Conduction can occur in solids, liquids, and gases.


  True
• Match the term with its definition:

  Heat ↔️ Transfer of thermal energy

  Temperature ↔️ Measure of average kinetic energy
• The heat capacity of a substance is directly proportional to its specific heat
• What is specific heat measured in?

  J/kg°C
• What is the formula to calculate heat required to change the temperature of a substance?

  Q = mcΔT
• What does specific heat measure?

  Ability to store thermal energy
• What is the heat transfer mechanism in conduction?

  Vibration of atoms and molecules
• What is an example of natural convection?

  Hot air rising from a radiator
• What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics ensure in heat transfer?

  Heat flows from hot to cold
• What is the definition of heat in thermodynamics?

  Transfer of thermal energy
• Why is heat considered a process rather than a property of matter?

  It involves energy transfer
• What is the definition of specific heat?

  Heat to raise 1 kg by 1°C
• What condition must be met for thermal energy to flow between two objects?

  Temperature difference
• What law of thermodynamics is thermal equilibrium consistent with?

  Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Match the substance with its specific heat in J/kg°C:

  Water ↔️ 4186

  Aluminum ↔️ 900

  Air ↔️ 1005
• Convection involves heat transfer by the bulk motion of a fluid.


  True
• Conduction relies on the vibrations of atoms and molecules to pass thermal energy