1.5.2 Methodology

• In a quasi-experimental design, participants are randomly assigned to groups.

  False
• Match the design characteristic with the correct design type:

  Group Assignment ↔️ Random in Experimental Design

  Control of Variables ↔️ High in Experimental Design

  Ability to Infer Causation ↔️ Higher in Experimental Design
• Opportunity sampling may lead to sampling bias
• Official records can always capture all criminal behavior.

  False
• What is the primary goal of an experimental design in research?

  Infer causation
• What is the key difference between opportunity sampling and random sampling in terms of representativeness?

  Random sampling is more representative
• Opportunity sampling is highly representative of the broader population.

  False
• Self-report questionnaires are completely free from bias.

  False
• Self-report questionnaires in Heaven's study provided verifiable data.

  False
• Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about the sample data.

  False
• Researchers must always anonymize participants' criminal history information to protect their privacy.

  True
• Heaven's study compares groups based on whether individuals have a history of criminal behavior
• Quasi-experimental designs allow for stronger inferences about causation compared to true experimental designs.

  False
• What were the two main data collection methods used in Heaven's study?

  Self-report and official records
• Match the research instrument with its advantage:

  Self-report Questionnaires ↔️ Provides context from participant's perspective

  Official Records ↔️ Objective and verifiable data
• In a quasi-experimental design, group assignment is based on existing characteristics
• What sampling method was used in Heaven's study?

  Opportunity sampling
• What two methods were used to collect data in Heaven's study?

  Self-report questionnaires and official records
• What is a disadvantage of using official criminal records in data collection?

  Incomplete or delayed information
• What two types of statistics were likely used in Heaven's study to analyze the data?

  Descriptive and inferential
• Which statistical tests are appropriate for quasi-experimental designs?

  T-tests and ANOVA
• What is the purpose of debriefing at the end of a study?

  Explain the study's purpose
• What type of research design was used in Heaven's study?

  Quasi-experimental
• What is a key difference between a quasi-experimental and a true experimental design?

  Random assignment of participants
• What sampling method was used in Heaven's study?

  Opportunity sampling
• Self-report data can be biased or inaccurate
• Quasi-experimental designs do not allow for categorizing participants into groups based on pre-existing characteristics.

  False
• Arrange the steps involved in a quasi-experimental research process:

  1️⃣ Identify pre-existing groups

  2️⃣ Collect data using appropriate methods

  3️⃣ Compare groups based on data

  4️⃣ Analyze results and draw conclusions
• A major limitation of opportunity sampling is its potential for sampling bias
• Official records were obtained from government agencies
• The use of both self-report and official records improves the data's validity
• Descriptive statistics summarize the characteristics of the data
• Informed consent ensures that participants understand the study's purpose
• By addressing ethical principles, researchers ensure the study is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner