Geog paper 1

• What are the main topics covered in paper one of the physical geography exam?

  Natural hazards, living world, physical landscapes
• Which environments should you focus on in the living world section?

  Cold environments, not deserts
• What sections should you answer in the physical landscape section?

  Coasts and rivers, not glacial landscapes
• What questions are you required to answer in the exam?

  Questions three and four
• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural process causing harm to humans
• What are the types of hazards you can group natural hazards into?

  Tectonic, geological, atmospheric
• What are the layers of the Earth from outermost to innermost?

  Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
• What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?

  5 to 10 kilometers
• What is the thickness of the mantle?

  About 2,900 kilometers thick
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat from radioactive decay in the core
• What happens to magma as it heats up?

  It becomes less dense and rises
• What are the three types of plate boundaries?

  Destructive, constructive, conservative
• What occurs at a destructive plate margin?

  The crust is destroyed
• What happens at a constructive plate margin?

  New crust is created
• What characterizes a conservative plate margin?

  Plates slide past each other
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The point where energy is released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point directly above the focus
• What are seismic waves?

  Energy radiating outwards from the focus
• What can be done to manage earthquake risks?

  Build earthquake-resistant buildings
• What tools can be used to predict earthquakes?

  Satellite surveying and seismometers
• What is the case study for the LIC earthquake?

  Gawker earthquake in Nepal, 2015
• What is the magnitude of the Gawker earthquake?

  7.8 magnitude
• What secondary impact occurred due to the Gawker earthquake?

  A landslide
• What is the case study for the HIC earthquake?

  Tohoku earthquake in Japan, 2011
• What is the magnitude of the Tohoku earthquake?

  9.0 magnitude
• What was a significant response to the Tohoku earthquake?

  Rebuilding roads within six days
• What is a primary effect of an earthquake?

  Immediate impact after the earthquake
• What is a secondary effect of an earthquake?

  Impact occurring after the initial event
• What is a lahar?

  A fast-flowing mudflow from a volcano
• What is pyroclastic flow?

  Superheated gas and volcanic matter
• Why might some countries respond better to earthquakes than others?

  Wealth allows better prediction and preparation
• What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells
• What happens at the equator in atmospheric circulation?

  Hot air rises and spreads out
• What causes low pressure systems?

  Hot air rising
• What causes high pressure systems?

  Cold air sinking
• What is the slogan to remember about wind direction?

  Winds blow from high to low
• What are tropical storms called in different regions?

  Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones
• Why evaluate short-term versus long-term responses in earthquake management?

  To determine the effectiveness of recovery efforts
• Why is it important to understand the differences between primary and secondary effects of earthquakes?

  To evaluate their impacts on communities
• What is the role of volcanic ash clouds in volcanic hazards?

  They can disrupt air travel and health