depression

• What is the ABC model in cognitive explanation of depression?

  A = Activating event, B = Belief, C = Consequence
• What does 'A' represent in the ABC model?

  Activating event, like getting fired
• What is the consequence of an irrational belief in the ABC model?

  Low mood and feeling worthless
• How can you identify the ABC for a friend not responding to a message?

  • A: Friend not responding
  • B: Irrational: "They don't like me"
  • C: Consequence: Feeling anxious
• Who conducted the study on attentional bias in depression?

  Koster et al (2005)
• What was the procedure in Koster et al's study?

  Participants performed an attention task with words
• What did participants have to do in the attention task?

  Press a button to indicate the square's location
• What did the findings of Koster et al's study indicate?

  Depressed participants took longer to disengage from negative words
• What does the conclusion of Koster et al's study suggest?

  Depressed patients have an attentional bias towards negative stimuli
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive explanation of depression?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by research evidence
  • Useful for treatment applications

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Cannot establish cause and effect
  • May oversimplify depression's causes
• What is a major issue with the cognitive explanation of depression?

  Negative thoughts may be a symptom, not a cause
• What is CBT designed to do in treating depression?

  Challenge negative thoughts and replace them
• How long does CBT treatment usually last?

  10-20 weeks
• What is the cognitive element of CBT?

  Identifying and restructuring negative thoughts
• What is the behavioral element of CBT?

  Encouraging testing of beliefs through experiments
• What does Beck's cognitive therapy involve?

  Identifying negative thoughts and challenging them
• What is a thought diary used for in Beck's therapy?

  To record automatic negative thoughts
• What does Ellis' ABC model include?

  D: Dispute, E: Effective belief, F: Feelings
• What is the purpose of disputing irrational beliefs in Ellis' therapy?

  To challenge and replace them with effective beliefs
• What is the logical way of disputing irrational beliefs?

  Does thinking this way make sense?
• What is the empirical way of disputing irrational beliefs?

  Where is the proof that this belief is accurate?
• What is the pragmatic way of disputing irrational beliefs?

  How is this belief likely to help me?
• How could CBT be applied to a patient named Cecilia?

  • Identify negative thoughts about self
  • Challenge beliefs about being a problem
  • Use thought diary to track thoughts
  • Encourage participation in family events
• What did March et al (2007) study?

  Effectiveness of CBT and antidepressants
• What were the findings of March et al's study?

  81% improved with CBT or antidepressants
• What does the study suggest about combining treatments?

  Combining CBT and antidepressants yields best outcomes
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of CBT in treating depression?

  Strengths:

  • Effective for many patients
  • Empowers patients to manage thoughts

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • May not provide quick relief
  • Not suitable for all types of depression
• What is a limitation of CBT for severely ill patients?

  It may not provide quick symptom relief
• How does CBT empower patients?

  Helps them recognize and challenge negative thoughts
• What may be problematic for patients whose depression arises from trauma?

  They may need to work through past experiences
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in depression?

  Low serotonin levels may contribute to depression
• What does the cognitive explanation fail to address in bipolar disorder?

  It does not explain manic phases
• How does Beck's explanation relate to Koster et al's findings?

  Both suggest negative biases in depression
• What concepts from Beck's theory can be applied to unemployment?

  Cognitive triad and negative attributions
• What is catastrophizing in cognitive theory?

  Magnifying the significance of negative events
• What is overgeneralization in cognitive theory?

  Making broad conclusions from a single event
• What is selective perception in cognitive theory?

  Focusing on negatives while ignoring positives
• What is absolutist thinking in cognitive theory?

  Seeing situations in black-and-white terms
• What is the aim of cognitive restructuring in CBT?

  To replace negative thoughts with positive ones
• What is the role of homework in CBT?

  To test the validity of negative beliefs