Separating mixtures

• Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid.
• Crystallisation seperates a soluble solid from a liquid.
• Simple distillation is used to separate a liquid/solvent from a dissolved solid/solute.
• Fractional distillation separates two or more liquids which have different boiling points
• Chromatography separates two or more dissolved solids (solubles) from a solution
• Solvent is a liquid that dissolves substances
• Insoluble means it’s unable to dissolve in a particular solvent
• Filtrate is liquid that has passed through a filter paper and contains the soluble substances
• Solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent
• Solution is a mixture formed by a solvent and solute
• How to use filtration to separate an insoluble oxide from a solution?

  set up an apparatus with a conical flask with filter paper sitting in the filter funnel. Pour mixture into filter paper. The liquid particles are small enough to pass through the filter paper but the solid particles are too large so theyre left behind
• The solid left behind is called the residue and the liquid in the beaker is called the filtrate
• how to set up chromatography?

  draw a pencil line onto filter paper and spots of ink/dye are placed along. Place a small amount of the solvent in the beaker. The solvent starts at a level below the line in spots drawn or spots will dissolve in the water and it will not work. The paper is lowered into the solvent and then the solvent travels up through the paper taking some of the coloured substances with it as it travels up the paper. As solvent continues travel, the different coloured substances spread apart
• chromatography is used in chemical analysis e.g drug testing, crime scene investigation and food standard testing
• (Chromotagraphy) a pure substance will only produce one spot on the chromato graph during paper chromatography While A mixture would produce more then one spot
• Liquid ethanol and alcohol can be sepearted from a mixture of ethanol and water because the liquids in the mixture can different boiling points
• Ethanol’s boiling point is 78C
• Distillation apparatus consists of a flask containing the solution, a condenser that cools down the vapour so it turns back into a liquid and a receiver where the distilled product collects.
• A fraction column is added as it slows down the rising gases which makes it easier to separate the liquids
• How to use distillation to purify/strengthen alcohol?

  A water and ethanol mixture is heated in a flask using an electric heater. vapour forms in the fractioning column. ethanol has a lower boiling point to water,so ethanol evaporates first and passes through the condenser, liquid ethanol will drip in the beaker at the end

  .The liquid in flask can now be heated to a high temperature so the water can be distilled as well
• How to get pure dry salt from a solution e.salt from water?

  A solution is placed in an evaporating basin and heated with a Bunsen burner. As solution is heated , the water evaporates so volume of water decreases as it turns into a gas and escapes into air. As this happenes, the solid particles which were dissolved are left behind on the botte, and side of evaporating basin.
• Ethanol is flammable so no Bunsen burner only electrical heater