Chapter 11

• Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP. Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
• There are 4 stages to human respiration: breathing, external respiration, internal respiration and cellular respiration.
• Breathing involves inspiration (breathing in or inhaling) and expiration (breathing out or exhaling).
• External Respiration involves the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
• Oxygen is delivered from the lungs into the blood, and carbon dioxide is eliminated from the blood to the lungs.
• Internal Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body’s tissue cells.
• Cellular Respiration involves a series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take place within the cells to provide energy for all cellular activities.
• Two main requirements must be met for respiration to occur: the respiratory surface area must be large enough for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur quickly enough to meet the body’s need, and respiration must take place in a moist environment.
• Exhalation is the process where air leaves the lungs and is pushed out into the atmosphere.
• Ribcage muscles relax, diaphragm relaxes (pushes up), causing the volume of the chest cavity to decrease, thereby increasing air pressure in the lungs in comparison to the atmosphere, causing air from lungs to be pushed out into the surrounding atmosphere (exhalation).
• Inhalation: air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
• Ribcage muscles contract, move up and out.
• Diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, causing the volume of the chest cavity to increase.
• Air pressure in the lungs decreases, causing air from the atmosphere to rush in (inhalation).
• Two structures are needed for breathing to occur: the muscular diaphragm and the ribcage muscles (intercostal muscles-internal and external).
• Movement of air into and out of the lungs is based on a difference in air pressure between the atmosphere and the chest cavity.
• A Spirograph is a graph which represents how much air moves in and out of the lungs.
• Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath.
• Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled.
• Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum amount of air that can be pushed out of the lungs.