nationalities and empire

• Yalta conference- whole of Poland to be governed by Soviet backed Lublin ( puppet PG), ended independence given 1920, moved border
• Poland renamed the people's republic of Poland 1952
• Russo-Polish war 1920:

  • Poles did not welcome Lenin
  • Russian forces forced to retreated outside Warsaw
  • Polish independence conformed
• Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact 1939 said USSR would not protect Poland from Germany
• Polish workers party:

  • council of state dominated by this party
  • Aug 1948 only party you could vote for
  • 1950- 30,000 workers went on strike and sent to concentration camps
  • Soviet type economic with collective farms
• Polish revolt:

  • Polish nationalism who wanted full/ partial independence
  • rebels used guerilla tactics
• Consequences of Polish revolt:

  • exile of 100s of Polish nobility
  • Polish peasants emancipated favourably
  • Zmestva set up
  • Poland became 'vistula' region of Russia
  • Russia became official language
  • catholic church could not communicate with Vatican
• Poland 1890-1914:

  • process of industrialisation
  • development of Polish proletariat
  • Polish socialist party formed
  • re-emergence of nationalism
  • Polish politicians sat on 1st and 2nd state Duma
• Poland WW1:

  • German and Austria forces advanced into Russia, Russia give up control over Warsaw
  • Treaty of Best-Litovsk: Poland independent of Russian rule and was German protectorate, Poland regained independence
• Russo-Polish war 1920:

  • Poland defeated red army and armistice signed Oct 1920
  • Polish independence confirmed
  • Western Ukraine and Belorussia under Polish authority
• Poland 1933-9:

  • Nazi's expansionist foreign policy threatened Poland
  • policy of appeasement meant Britain and France not stopping Russia
• Poland WW2:

  • Hitler invades 1st Sept
  • Russian troops occupy eastern Poland
  • Polish gov flees to London 'London Poles'
  • Russia's offensive on Germans 1944, avoided Warsaw and hoped non-communists in Poland would fight Germans
  • Russia wanted to establish communist dominated national liberation committee in Lublin
• Yalta conference 1945 said Russia in charge of Warsaw; Stalin demanded whole of Poland under Soviet-backed regime
• Poland Potsdam conference: border was re-negotiated for Poland
• Poland 1947-50

  • Provisional constitution put in place- Russian backed Polish workers party (PPR) in control
  • anyone who protested dealt harshly: 1950 30,000 workers strikes and put in concentration camps
  • soviet style economic and social reforms
• 1956 Poland:

  • after secret speech demands for Stalinist Politicians to stand down, strikes, K agreed
  • Gomulka released from Prison and took over Poland
  • peasants could leave collective farms
  • catholic church could teach religion
• Russification is the process of taking non-Russian regimes and drawing into culture, religion and language of Russia
• 1918 RSFRSK created: Russia and central parts of Asia
• 1924 USSR: republics of Ukraine, Belorussia and Transcaucasia joined RSFSR; did not have their own gov
• 1936 Stalin constitution: allowed greater representation of nation states in central gov
• Alexander II gave Finland separate currency, parliament and constitution
• Alex 3 Finland:

  • disadvantageous trade tariffs
  • Russian language increasingly imposed
• Nicholas II Finland

  • appointed Bobrinkov as governer general in Finland
  • 1903 suspended Finnish constitution
  • disbanded Finnish army
  • Russia official language
  • Finish reacted with non-coopoeratio and Bobrinkov assasinated 1904
  • 1905 Finland given full independence
• PG Finland:

  • gven own parlimament
• Lenin Finland:

  • decree on nationalities
  • treaty of bRest-Litovsk: independence given
  • border disputes
• Stalin Finland:

  • 1930 hindered Finnish merchant shipping
  • Finland refused to accept Stalin's military bases at outbreak WW2, Stalin bombed them
  • winter war Nov 1939-1940: Finland gave up territory
  • 1948 Finland signed treaty which gained neutrality
• K Finland:

  • Finland left alone
• Alexander 3 Blatic:

  • Russification: Russian language, orthodox church, proportion of Russian students in Uni and rename educational institutions
  • rise in nationalism
  • could not achieve full independence
• Lenin Baltic:

  • decree on nationalities
  • independence given TBL
  • during civil war Estonia signed peace treaty with Boksheviks
• Stalin Baltics:

  • annexed 3 states to federal system of Russian gov
  • controlled them
  • mass deportations during WW2 as accused of being German collaborators
• K Baltics:

  • stable but still under influence
• Alex 2 Ukraine:

  • decrees which forbade publication and import of books in Ukraine
• Alex 3 Ukraine:

  • Russification continued
• PG Ukraine:

  • central council formed in Ukraine to press for autonomy
• Lenin Ukraine:

  • treaty of BL: independence
  • taken over during civil war by red army
• Stalin Ukraine:

  • Ukrainians opposed collectivisation; suffered badly during 1932-4 famine and purges
  • accused of being collaborators of WW2
  • executions/ transportations north
• K Ukraine:

  • remained under Russian control
• Alex 2 Caucasians:

  • low literacy rates and religion divisions made easy to Russify
• Nicholas Caucasians:

  • populist movements arose to fight repression e.g., Dashnaks and the Georgian mensheviks
• Lenin Caucasians:

  • Georgie gained independence 1920 but retaken by red army 1921