stem

• The organ of the plant first to emerge during germination is the root.
• The primary function of the root is for absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.
• The purpose of the roots of the hanging plants or epiphytes is to support a display of leaves and flowers.
• The stem is the main body of the portion above ground of a tree, shrub, herb, or other plant; the ascending axis, whether below or above ground, of a plant, in contrast to the descending axis or root.
• The stem supports a display of leaves and flowers.
• The external anatomy of the stem tip includes the node, internode, bud, and leaf.
• An axillary bud is a structure that can form a lateral shoot or branch.
• An apical or terminal bud is a bud located near the shoot tip, which lengthens a shoot.
• The understory layer receives only 5 percent of the sunlight that falls on the canopy.
• The canopy is where 90 percent of the organisms can be found, most of them seeking the treetops for brighter light.
• The floor of a rainforest is covered with a thin layer of branches, leaves, fruits, and seeds, which decompose very quickly.
• The floor of a rainforest teems with animal life, particularly insects.
• The forest floor receives less than 2 percent of the sunlight, hence this layer is mostly devoid of vegetation apart from plants that are adapted to very low amounts of light.
• The understory layer is a comparatively open space containing leafy herbaceous plants and young trees that can tolerate only less amount of light.
• The growth of fungi in this layers helps in the decay of the dead flora and fauna present.
• An intercalary meristem is a meristematic region that is responsible for the elongation of nodes of monocots.
• Wood is a collective term for the secondary xylem.
• Bark consists of the phloem and periderm.
• A node is a portion of the stem where leaves arise.
• An internode is an area between the two successive nodes.
• Leaf primordia are group of cells that will form into new leaves, which resemble knobby outgrowths or inverted cones.
• Leaf margins roll in or undergo involution when collapsed due to lack of water.
• Main parts of the flower, starting from the base of the flower upwards, are: calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium, stigma, style, ovary, and flower’s “constant” feature varies from species to species.
• Leaf abscission is the intentional shedding of leaves, usually formed abscission zones due to abscisic acid.
• The pollen and ovules are produced in different organs, but a typical flower is bisporangiate strobilus that contains both organs.
• A flower is complete or incomplete with 4 floral parts: sepal, petal, stamen, pistil.
• Flowers are modified stems with shortened internodes and bearing roughly modified leaves, mainly for sexual reproduction.
• Deciduous leaves are trees shedding its leaves annually.
• Flowering plants are heterosporangiate, producing two types of reproductive spores: pollen (male spores) and ovules (female spores).
• Turgid motor cells cause the leaf to be fully expanded when filled with water.
• The tunica-corpus model of an angiosperm shoot apical meristem (SAM) consists of tunica (two layers) and corpus.
• The tunica outermost with one or more layers of cells, and cells in the tunica layers divide anticlinally or perpendicular to the surface, contributing to surface growth.
• The corpus is a mass of inner cells that exhibits both anticlinal and periclinal divisions, with periclinal divisions occurring parallel to the tissue or organ surface, thus adding to the bulk of the developing shoot.
• Periderm consists of cork and cork cambium.
• Phellogen is a technical term for cork cambium.
• Phellem is a technical term for cork.
• Phelloderm is a technical term for cork skin.
• United parts are referred to as union or floral parts.
• Synsepally is when the sepals are completely united along their edges.
• Types of bracts can be spathe, which is a large bract enclosing the whole inflorescence, or glumes, which are small, dry, scaly bracts.