Memory

    Cards (107)

    • What does coding refer to in memory?
      Format or type of information stored
    • What type of coding is used in short-term memory?
      Acoustic coding
    • What type of coding is used in long-term memory?
      Semantic coding
    • Who demonstrated the types of coding in memory?
      Baddeley
    • What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?
      7 +/- 2 items
    • What is the capacity of long-term memory?
      Unlimited
    • What is the mean letter span found by Jacobs?
      7.3 letters
    • What is the mean digit span found by Jacobs?
      9.3 digits
    • What is the duration of short-term memory?
      18-30 seconds
    • Who demonstrated the duration of short-term memory?
      Petersen et al
    • What did Petersen et al find about recall accuracy?
      It decreased with longer retention intervals
    • What is the duration of long-term memory?
      Unlimited
    • Who found evidence for the duration of long-term memory?
      Bahrick et al
    • What was the decrease in photo recognition from 15 to 46 years after graduating?
      From 90% to 70%
    • What are the key issues with Jacobs' research?
      • Lack of standardization
      • Poor scientific methods
      • Potential confounding variables affecting results
    • What is a strength of Bahrick et al's study?
      • Use of meaningful stimuli
      • High ecological validity
      • Reflects real-life learning experiences
    • What are the key issues with Petersen et al and Miller's studies?
      • Low mundane realism
      • Use of artificial stimuli
      • Limited generalizability of findings
    • What did recent research suggest about Miller's capacity estimate for STM?
      It may be closer to 4 chunks
    • What does the multi-store model of memory (MSM) represent?
      • How memory is stored
      • How memory is transferred
      • How memory is retrieved and forgotten
    • How many stores are in the multi-store model of memory?
      Three stores
    • What does the sensory register contain?
      Sub-stores for each of the 5 senses
    • What is the capacity of the sensory register?
      Huge capacity
    • What is the duration of the sensory register?
      Less than half a second
    • What must occur for information to pass from sensory register to short-term memory?
      Attention must be paid to it
    • What happens if there is a lack of maintenance rehearsal?
      It causes forgetting
    • How is short-term memory encoded?
      Acoustically
    • What is maintenance rehearsal?
      Repeating new information to keep it in STM
    • What is the encoding type of long-term memory?
      Semantically encoded
    • What must occur for information to be remembered from LTM?
      Retrieval must occur
    • What are the different types of long-term memory?
      • Procedural memory
      • Semantic memory
      • Episodic memory
    • How does the MSM view long-term memory?
      As a single, unitary store
    • What is the difference in retrieval between episodic and procedural memories?
      Episodic is conscious, procedural is unconscious
    • What did Petersen et al find about the neurological basis of memories?
      Different types of LTM are recalled from different brain areas
    • What is a practical application of understanding different types of LTM?
      • Targeted treatments for cognitive impairments
      • Improved understanding of memory processes
      • Enhanced memory rehabilitation strategies
    • What distinction did Cohen and Squire make regarding memories?
      Declarative vs non-declarative memories
    • What types of memories are considered declarative?
      Episodic and semantic memories
    • What types of memories are considered non-declarative?
      Procedural memories
    • What do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing illustrate?
      Different types of LTM can be affected differently
    • What type of memory was impaired in Clive Wearing?
      Episodic memory
    • What type of memory was intact in Clive Wearing?
      Procedural memory