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Psychology A-Level
Paper 1
Memory
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Created by
Emma Duell
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Cards (107)
What does coding refer to in memory?
Format
or type of information stored
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What type of coding is used in short-term memory?
Acoustic coding
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What type of coding is used in long-term memory?
Semantic
coding
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Who demonstrated the types of coding in memory?
Baddeley
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What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?
7 +/- 2
items
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What is the capacity of long-term memory?
Unlimited
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What is the mean letter span found by Jacobs?
7.3
letters
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What is the mean digit span found by Jacobs?
9.3
digits
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What is the duration of short-term memory?
18-30 seconds
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Who demonstrated the duration of short-term memory?
Petersen et al
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What did Petersen et al find about recall accuracy?
It decreased with longer
retention intervals
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What is the duration of long-term memory?
Unlimited
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Who found evidence for the duration of long-term memory?
Bahrick et al
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What was the decrease in photo recognition from 15 to 46 years after graduating?
From
90%
to
70%
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What are the key issues with Jacobs' research?
Lack of
standardization
Poor
scientific methods
Potential
confounding variables
affecting results
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What is a strength of Bahrick et al's study?
Use of meaningful stimuli
High
ecological validity
Reflects real-life learning experiences
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What are the key issues with Petersen et al and Miller's studies?
Low
mundane realism
Use of
artificial stimuli
Limited generalizability of findings
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What did recent research suggest about Miller's capacity estimate for STM?
It may be closer to 4
chunks
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What does the multi-store model of memory (MSM) represent?
How memory is stored
How memory is transferred
How memory is
retrieved
and
forgotten
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How many stores are in the multi-store model of memory?
Three
stores
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What does the sensory register contain?
Sub-stores for each of the
5 senses
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What is the capacity of the sensory register?
Huge capacity
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What is the duration of the sensory register?
Less than
half a second
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What must occur for information to pass from sensory register to short-term memory?
Attention
must be paid to it
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What happens if there is a lack of maintenance rehearsal?
It causes
forgetting
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How is short-term memory encoded?
Acoustically
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What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating new information to keep it in
STM
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What is the encoding type of long-term memory?
Semantically
encoded
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What must occur for information to be remembered from LTM?
Retrieval
must occur
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What are the different types of long-term memory?
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
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How does the MSM view long-term memory?
As a single,
unitary store
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What is the difference in retrieval between episodic and procedural memories?
Episodic is
conscious
, procedural is unconscious
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What did Petersen et al find about the neurological basis of memories?
Different types of
LTM
are recalled from different
brain areas
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What is a practical application of understanding different types of LTM?
Targeted treatments for
cognitive impairments
Improved understanding of
memory processes
Enhanced memory
rehabilitation strategies
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What distinction did Cohen and Squire make regarding memories?
Declarative vs
non-declarative
memories
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What types of memories are considered declarative?
Episodic and semantic memories
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What types of memories are considered non-declarative?
Procedural memories
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What do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing illustrate?
Different types of LTM can be affected differently
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What type of memory was impaired in Clive Wearing?
Episodic memory
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What type of memory was intact in Clive Wearing?
Procedural memory
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