MAPEH

• ·         Classical Period (1750-1820) – was enveloped in the Enlightenment period (“the age of reason”)

  -          People were into the use of reason, logic, and rational thoughts.
• ·         Classical Music

  -          Form, symmetry, and balance

  -          Composers wrote less complicated and easy-to-understand music

  -          Homophonic and elegant

  -          Harpsichord was replaced by the piano
• ·         Galant Style – musical style wherein simpler melodies that were easier to sing characterized the music with a contrast of mood within the movement.
• ·         Three most important Genres in the Classical Period: sonata, concerto, symphony
• -          Sonata allegro form – the first part of the multi-movement composition
• 1.       Sonata – genre of solo instrumental music that is usually for the piano; 2 or more movements
• a.       Exposition – first section of the sonata; 2 contrasting themes or melodies where presented
• a.       Development – second section; 2 themes are varied to create contrasting sections
• a.       Recapitulation – last section; theme was repeated with a few changes.
• Concerto – genre for orchestra that features one soloist.
• Symphony – extended work for orchestra.
• movements of concerto: fast, slow, fast
• movements of symphony: sonata-allegro form, slow movement, a minuet or dance form, rondo or finale
• ·         Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

  -          Born in Salzburg, Austria on January 27, 1756

  -          He was known as a child prodigy, composed minuets and symphonies since 9

  -          A violin virtuoso

  -          His body was thrown in a common grave in the churchyard of St. Mark in Vienna, Austria
• ·         Franz Joseph Haydn

  -          Austrian composer born on March 30, 1732

  -          “Father of the Symphony and String Quartet”

  -          Suggested to be a castrato of choirmaster

  -          107 symphonies, 83 string quartets , 45 piano trios, 62 piano sonatas, 14 masses, 26 operas

  -          Died on May 31, 1809

  -          Sinfonia No.100 in G Major “Military” – Minuetto, Symphony No. 94 “Surprise Symphony” (Second Movement), The Creation “The Heavens are Telling”, “Piano Sonata No. 6 in C Major” and “Symphony No.45 “Farewell” – Allegro Assai (First Movement)
• ·         Ludwig van Beethoven

  -          Born on December 16, 1770

  -          Deaf at the age of 46

  -          An opera, 6 symphonies, 4 solo concerti, 5 string quartets, 6 string sonatas, 7 piano sonatas, 5 sets of piano variation, 4 overtures, 4 trios, 2 sextets, and 72 songs

  -          Died on March 26, 1827

  -          Fur Elise, Symphony No.9 “Ode to Joy”, Moonlight Sonata, and Symphony No.5
• ·         Renaissance – period of “reawakening” or “rebirth.
• ·         Humanism – had less interest in religious and secular dogma, and celebrated the core value of dignity and individual worth.
• ·         Proto-Renaissance Art (c.1200-1400) – Italian writers Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio; had high regard for languages, values and intellectual traditions.
• o   Giotto di Bondone

  -          Painter from Florence

  -          Was the most noteworthy Proto-Renaissance artist

  -          Famous for realistic representations of the human body
• ·         Early Renaissance Art (1401-1490s) – Florence became the site of a renewed interest in philosophy, religion and art
• 1.       Lorenze Ghiberti – sculptor with prize-winning set of bronze doors
• 1.       Flippo Brunelleschi and Donato di Niccolo “Donatello” di Betto – master of early Renaissance sculpture
• 1.       Tommaso di Ser Giovanni “Masaccio” di Simone – famous for his frescoes
• ·         High Renaissance Art (c.1490-1527)

  -          Florence was slowly losing its position as the principal center of Renaissance art in Italy.

  -          Florence was the home of the early Renaissance and the Medici family

  -          Powerful popes made Rome the center of the High Renaissance
• 1.       Leonardo da Vinci – known for his mastery of painting. “Mona Lisa”
• 1.       Michelangelo Buonarroti – known for his ceiling frescoes of the Sistine Chapel
• 1.       Raphael Sanzio – finest painter of the High Renaissance. “Madonna”
• 1.       Antonio da Correggio – known for his illusionistic “Assumption of the Virgin”
• 1.       Donato Bramante – a leading architect during his period
• 1.       Luca Signorelli – made a name for himself for his murals at Sistine Chapel and frescoes at Orvieto Cathedral
• ·         Mannerism – this artistic style focused on artificiality
• ·         Giorgio Vasari – considered the Mannerism style as merely “a bridge between the idealized style of Renaissance art and dramatic theatrically of the Baroque”
• 1.       Linear Perspective – looking through a window and painting exactly what you see on the window pane exactly how you see it.
• Horizon Line – the line representing the viewer’s eye level.
• 1.       Vanishing Point – a point at which parallel line appear converge far in the distance, often on the horizon line.
• ·         Renaissance paintings defining characteristic is its realism and naturalism
• ·         Religion – was still the major Renaissance sculpture
• ·         Symmetry – the concept of balance proportions
• ·         Order – inspired by the Classical architecture displayed by the ruins of ancient buildings