Bio Finals (Frencee Anne Review)

• Cell Division is a process that occurs in the cell cycle, where the cell grows in size and organelles are replicated.
• Mitosis is a somatic cell division that reduces chromosome number from 46 to 23 and DNA content from 2n to 1n, resulting in four haploid cells.
• Meiosis is a process that reduces chromosome number from 46 to 23 and DNA content from 2n to 1n, resulting in two diploid daughter cells.
• Gametes are cells that participate in fertilization or formation of a new organism.
• Spermatocytes are sperm cells.
• Oocytes are egg cells before maturation.
• Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in solution.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane, such as a plasma membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion is a carrier mediated process that moves substances into or out of the cells from a higher to a lower concentration, does not require metabolic energy to transport substances across the plasma membrane.
• Macromolecules are built (synthesized) within the cell itself in a process called dehydration synthesis (also called the condensation reaction), smaller molecules called subunits are joined by covalent bonds, like pearls on a string.
• Organic macromolecules are broken down by a process called hydrolysis, the breakdown of macromolecules releases energy.
• Living organisms synthesize four classes of organic molecules, known as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• The raw materials for photosynthesis are Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Glucose (Sugar), and the product is C6H12O6 + 6O2.
• ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate, is identical to the adenine-containing nucleotide in RNA except that it has two additional phosphate groups.
• Sunlight is part of a continuum known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Storage Proteins are found in plant seeds, egg whites, and milk.
• Receptor Proteins are protein molecules that receive chemical signals from outside a cell.
• Nucleic Acids are DNA and RNA, which contain the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.
• Erwin Chargaff discovered Chargaff’s rules, which state that the relative amounts of adenine and thymine are the same in DNA, and the relative amounts of cytosine and guanine are the same.
• RNA, Ribonucleic Acid, has a different sugar, T is replaced by U, is a single strand, and its phosphate group and nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) are different from DNA.
• DNA is made of long chains of nucleotides.
• Photosynthesis is the organized capture of light energy and its transformation into usable chemical energy in the synthesis of organic compounds.
• DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the blueprint for life and is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.
• Defense Proteins form antibodies that help prevent infection, illness and disease.
• Carbohydrates most have the empirical formula (CH 2 O)n and are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large.
• Monosaccharides include glucose.
• Pectin occurs in plant tissues, especially of fruits that bind water and sugar to make viscous solutions or gel.
• Amylose is the simplest starch and consists of unbranched chains of hundreds of glucose subunits.
• Proteins are organic compounds that contain C, H, O & N and form about 50% of the dry weight of the cell.
• Structural proteins provide structure and support for cells.
• Lipids are relatively insoluble and the most important subclasses of lipids in your body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
• Peptide bonds are the bond that holds together amino acids into a large macromolecule called a polypeptide.
• Rice starch has >80 - 100 chains.
• Fibrous proteins are proteins with an elongated shape that provide structural support for cells and tissues.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and consist of a central carbon atom with a H, a – COOH, a NH 2 and a “R” group attached.
• The sequence of amino acids in proteins is determined by DNA.
• Enzymatic proteins are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body.
• Hormonal proteins are proteins involved in the creation of some hormones.
• Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose subunits put together and is not soluble and completely indigestible to all but a very few organisms.
• Globular proteins are the most common type of proteins and have a folded ball-like structure.