IH

• Immunity - protection againsts infection or disease caused by foreign particles
• Immunology - the study of immune system and the immune response
• Serology- study of the antigen-antibody reactions in vitro
• Immunology - the study of antigen-antibody reactions in vivo
• Immunity - a process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by external and internal agents
• The immune system comprises the tissues, cells, and molecules which mount the immune response
• Immunohematology - the study of immunologic reactions involving all components of blood, and deals with antigens, antibodies, and antigen-antibody reactions
• Immunity - refers to the process by which a host organism protect itself from attacks by external and internal agents. Confers protection from non-self and abnormal self elements which are controlled by different at different levels
• Innate or natural immunity –primary lines of defense, immediate response
• Immunology is the study of host defense mechanisms.
• Immunity is a process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by external and internal agents.
• The immune system comprises the tissues, cells & molecules which mount the immune response.
• Immunohematology is the study of immunologic reactions involving all components of blood, dealing with antigens, antibodies and antigen-antibody reactions.
• Immunity refers to the process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by external and internal agents.
• Innate or natural immunity is the first line of defense, immediate response.
• Acquired or adaptive immunity is the last line of defense, needs time and reorganization to mount an effective and specific reaction.
• Cellular immunity is a cellular defense mechanism, involving cells.
• Humoral immunity involves antibodies and complement.
• Innate immunity includes phagocytic leukocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
• Opsonins are factors that include antibodies and complement components in plasma that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis.
• Complement has 3 major roles in immunity: the final lysis of abnormal and pathogenic cells via the binding of antibody, opsonization and phagocytosis, and mediation of inflammation.
• Acquired immunity is more advanced and was developed after vertebrates had evolved, relies on the formation of specific antigen-antibody complexes, has specific cellular responses and memory, and allows for a specific response.
• Antiglobulin Test (Direct and Indirect) is used in immunohematology.
• In the solid phase technique, antibodies attach to test tubes and microplates well and RBC (if negative, RBC settles at the bottom of the well).
• The Enzyme-linked antiglobulin test involves enzyme labelled AHG binding to IgG sensitized RBC, removing excess antibodies and enzyme substrate, and is detected by spectrophotometry at 405 nm.
• The Low ionic polybrene technique relies on low ionic conditions to rapidly sensitize cells with antibody (polybrene-roleaux forming reagent).
• Over centrifugation can lead to a positive result in the Antiglobulin Test (DAT).
• Cells with a positive DAT will give a positive result in any indirect antiglobulin procedure
• The Gel test involves a chamber filled with polyacrylamide gel.
• Bacterial contamination of reagent
• Failure to add AHG reagent
• In specimens containing potent cold-reactive antibodies, agglutination may occur before adding the AHG reagent
• Problems with AHG Reagent
• Decreased reactivity of AHG reagent
• Presence of other antibodies in the AHG reagent
• Improper washing of glassware
• Contaminated reagents
• Saline contaminated by heavy metals or colloidal silica
• Test is interrupted or delayed
• Over centrifugation