berlin

• what occurred in 1958?

  -3 million East Germans moved to West Germany

  -refugee problem
• what were the consequences of the refugee problem?

  -an embarrassment for Soviet Union

  -people openly choosing capitalism > communism
• how did Khrushchev respond to refugee problem?

  November

  -Khrushchev demanded that Western troops removed from East Berlin

  -Berlin should become a free city- he gave them 6 months and threatened to take over all transport routes

  -this was the Berlin Ultinatum
• what happened despite the Berlin Ultimatum that caused the Berlin Wall?

  -August 1961

  -on one day there was 40,000 refugees

  -the relationship between USSR and USA was weak
• describe the event of the Berlin Wall

  -12th August 1961

  -Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall

  -first it was a barbed wire fence as they built the concrete

  —it was 165km around the city

  -b y October 1961 it was built
• what were the consequences of the Berlin Wall?

  -130 people killed trying to cross the wall

  -friends and families divided

  -west berlin fire service helped east germans escape
• name and date the 4 summit meetings between 1959-61

  1) Geneva Summit May 1959 spoke about Berlin, nothing agreed

  2) Camp David September 1959, Eisenhower and Khrushchev got along, Khrushchev agreed for no more Berlin Ultimatum terms and it displayed y they had a better relationship

  3) Pairs May 1960 Soviets just shot down the US spy plane, Eisenhower refused to apologise, Khrushchev walked out of the summit

  4)Vienna June 1961, JFK was president and Khrushchev did not trust him, Berlin Ultimatum terms back on, weakened relationship
• describe JFK's visit to Berlin in June 1963

  -he was treated like a rockstar

  -"Ich Bin Erin Berliner"

  -gained a good reputation, said a wall was better than a war
• What did the Berlin Ultimatum demand in 1958?

  Recognition of East Berlin as independent
• What was the significance of the Camp David Summit in 1959?

  Ultimatum was withdrawn by both leaders
• What happened at the Paris Summit in 1960?

  Khrushchev walked out after a U2 incident
• What did the Berlin Wall symbolize?

  Division and control of East Germany
• How did the Berlin Wall affect East Germans?

  It stopped the refugee problem
• How many East Germans crossed to the West by 1958?

  3 million
• What was the impact of Kennedy's 'Ich Bin Ein Berliner' speech?

  It was very popular and symbolized support
• What led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989?

  Gorbachev refused to help stop protests