Biology

• Anterior: front of body
• posterior: back of body
• superior: top of body
• inferior: bottom of body
• midline: "middle" of body
• medial: towards midline
• lateral: away from midline
• proximal: towards upper segment of limbs
• distal: towards lower segment of limbs
• superficial: towards surface
• Deep: away from surface
• atomical plane

  • related to postion in space
  • movement in parellel to plane
• anatomical axis

  • used to describe direction of movements at joints
  • movement occurs over and around pole
  • pole perpendicular to plane of movment
  • axis rotation always perpendicular to plane movement
• Frontal plane and antero-posterior plane
• Transverse plane and longitudinal plane
• Sagital axis and horizontal plane
• Axial: vertabre column
• Appendiular: everything
• Flat Bone:

  • flattended
  • provides protection to internal organs
  • found in skull, thoratic + pelvis
• Irregular Bone:

  • varys in shape
  • protects internal organs
  • found on pelvis and spinal cord
• Sesamoid bone:

  • small, round
  • protects tendons of stress and wear
  • found in tendon of hands, knee and feet
• Long Bone:

  • long
  • bones for limbs
  • found in arms and legs
• Short Bone:

  • as long as wide
  • helps with stability to movement
  • found in ankles and wrist
• Simple break: cracks, no seperation
• compound - seperate: pieces
• Compound-shattered: many peieces like glass
• stress fracture: nagging pain, really tiny
• Trabeculae: when they lose strength bone will be comprimised like spagetti
• Exersice and bone:

  • stress on bones, increase bone density
  • weight bearing training
  • resistance
• osteoblasts: pepsits new material to builds bone
• osteoclasts: release acids (polman) and enzymes to remove and break down old bones
• Oseoporosos: diease characterized by low bone mass, and bone deterioration
• Functional joint: based on ROM of joint
• synarthrosis: immovable joint
• Amphiarthosis: slightly movable
• diarthrosis: freely movable
• Structural joint: relies on atomical organization of joint
• fibrous joint: synarthrosis
• caraliagenous joint: amphiarthrosis
• synovial joint: diarthrosis