PR2

• Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner
• literature These recorded or preserved world perceptions of man are expressed directly and indirectly.
• Related Literature gives the researcher a complete understanding of what is known about a given topic
• related literature. . It also provides him with many ideas about ways the researcher can design and carry out the research more effectively.
• Related Studies are studies, inquiries or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity.
• related studies They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, thesis and dissertations
• Related literature and studies can be classified as (1) Local, if the inquiry was conducted and printed in the Philippines, (2) Foreign, if conducted and printed in foreign lands.
• Primary Source – articles or reports written by those who actually conducted the research or the literature itself such as research journals that are published monthly, quarterly or yearly
• Secondary Source – are the reports of a person who relates the testimony of an actual witness or participants.
• Secondary Source. it is a publication where authors cite the works of others such as books, reviews, yearbooks and encyclopedia.
• Tertiary Source – are those compelled from, or based on secondary source material such as thesis and dissertations
• Introduction - Briefly describes the nature of the research problem and explain the researcher’s thoughts on what led the researcher study the topic.
• Body – Shares the ideas of other researchers and experts about the problem.
• Summary/Synthesis – Points out similar results and conflicting findings. It ties together the major findings of the studies reviewed. It presents a general picture of the problem to date.
• Conclusion – Presents the course of action suggested by the literature.
• Acknowledgment – the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper
• References or Bibliography – a complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from.
• Citation or In-text Citation – references within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related Literature The third one, citation, is the focus of this lesson. Citation, also called in-text citation,
• Patterns of Citation. It is also called the “Mechanics of Note Taking”
• Summary. The citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language.
• Summary. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the text.
• Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.
• Paraphrase. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text
• Evaluation. This citation is determining the value, nature, character or quality of topic.
• Quotation. This citation is a passage referred to or repeated
• Short or Direct Quotation. Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words
• Long Direct or Block Quotation. Named in many ways, this citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words
• Integral Citation This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work. You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the author’s ideas.
• Non-integral Citation In contrast to integral citation that reflects the author’s personal inclinations to a certain extent, this second citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics.
• et al. This means ‘and others’ It is used in intext citations where there are 3 or more authors.
• Comp. Compiled or custom textbooks are created to support specific units
• ed. For the edition of a book
• Ed. or Eds. When a book includes editors rather than authors.
• n.d. For sources that do not have a date of publication, substitute ‘n.d.’ (no date) after the name of the author.
• n.p. No page numbers
• No Use in your end text referencing when the resource incorporates a number that represents the accession, order, catalogue, number, etc
• p. or pp. These are included in the in-text citation. If one page number is being referred to, use the abbreviation p. for page. If there are multiple pages use pp. to present pages.
• para. For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number
• Rev. ed. Used in end-text referencing when item is identified as being a revised edition.
• Trans. Name the translator or editor only in the end-text reference, immediately following the title. In the case of translated works, cite the title in its translated form, not in its original form